- Published: November 2023
- Pages: 555
- Tables: 90
- Figures: 66
- Series: Bio-Economy, Packaging, Plastics, Polymers
Plastics consumption continues to steeply increase worldwide, while resultant waste is currently mostly landfilled, discarded to the environment, or incinerated. Developments in mechanical and chemical recycling technology are changing the shape of the plastics industry and advanced materials and technologies are impacting glass, paper and metal recycling sectors. It’s becoming increasingly possible to recover more materials in a closed-loop, helping to retain maximum value.
The Global Market for Recyclable Packaging 2024-2034 examines recyclable packaging across paper, plastics, glass, and metals, including market size, drivers, applications, technologies, companies, sustainability, and future outlook. The markets is segmented by region and material type, quantitative forecasts are provided through 2034.
Landscape analysis covers major brands, packaging manufacturers, waste management firms, and recycling technology innovators driving circularity. Technical processes are explained across mechanical and chemical recycling, sorting, and reprocessing. Packaging innovations in bio-based materials, smart packaging, and reusable models are highlighted. The report also examines adjacent spaces like e-commerce fulfillment and policy landscapes shaping recyclable packaging. Report contents include:
- Recyclable Packaging Industry Overview
- Markets, processes, technologies
- Drivers and trends shaping growth
- Plastics Recycling Analysis
- Mechanical and chemical recycling overview
- Polymer demand forecasts by process
- Pyrolysis, gasification, depolymerization techs
- Bio-based and marine degradable plastics
- Market challenges and innovations
- Paper Packaging Recycling Analysis
- Market size, processes, economics
- Fiber sources, strength improvements
- Compostable solutions, active packaging
- Industry challenges and future outlook
- Glass Packaging Recycling Analysis
- Market size, suppliers, collection economics
- Processing methods, end-use applications
- Smart glass, hybrids, material advances
- Participation challenges and opportunities
- Metal Packaging Recycling Analysis
- Market size, processes, economics
- Aluminium, steel, and hybrid innovations
- Active and smart metal packaging
- Benefits driving growth and adoption
- Digital Technologies Analysis
- Blockchain, IoT, AI applications
- Digital watermarking for advanced recycling
- Markets and Applications Analysis
- Food, beverages, CPG, retail, e-commerce
- Industrial packaging, healthcare, automotive
- Competitive Landscape
- Profiles of 248 companies. Companies profiled include Aduro Clean Technologies, Agilyx, Alterra, Amsty, APK AG, Aquafil, Arcus, Axens, BASF Chemcycling, BiologiQ, Carbios, DePoly, Dow, Eastman Chemical, EREMA Group GmbH, Extracthive, ExxonMobil, Fych Technologies, Garbo, gr3n SA, Hyundai Chemical, Ioniqa, Itero, Licella, Mura Technology, Neste, Plastic Energy, Plastogaz SA, Plastic Energy, Polystyvert, Pyrowave, Recyc'ELIT, RePEaT Co., Ltd., revalyu Resources GmbH, SABIC, Samsara ECO, Synova, TOMRA Recycling, and Waste Robotics.
- Market Size and Forecasts
- Regional and material type segmentation
- Revenue and volume projections through 2034
- Sustainability Analysis
- Circularity, carbon footprint, and life cycle assessment
- Energy use, water conservation, and social factors
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1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 23
2 INTRODUCTION 25
- 2.1 Recycling Process 25
- 2.2 Benefits 26
- 2.3 Types of Recyclable Packaging 28
- 2.3.1 Paper & Cardboard 28
- 2.3.2 Glass 29
- 2.3.3 Aluminium 30
- 2.3.4 Steel 31
- 2.3.5 Plastics 32
- 2.4 Recycling Rates 33
- 2.5 Barriers to Recycling 34
- 2.6 Market landscape 35
- 2.7 Waste plastics value chain 37
- 2.8 Key industry players 39
- 2.8.1 Material Suppliers 39
- 2.8.2 Packaging & Equipment 40
- 2.8.3 Consumer Brands 41
- 2.8.4 Waste & Recycling 43
- 2.9 Market drivers 45
- 2.9.1 Circular Economy 45
- 2.9.2 Waste Reduction 47
- 2.9.3 Legislation 47
- 2.9.3.1 EU 48
- 2.9.3.2 United States 49
- 2.9.3.3 Asia/Pacific 51
- 2.9.4 Corporate Sustainability Commitments 53
- 2.9.5 Consumer Sentiment 53
- 2.10 Challenges 55
- 2.11 Future market outlook 57
- 2.11.1 Mainstream Eco-Packaging 57
- 2.11.2 Digitized Supply Chains 58
- 2.11.3 Advanced Materials Recovery 59
- 2.11.4 Dematerialized Delivery 60
- 2.11.5 Integrated Policy Frameworks 61
- 2.11.6 Sustainable Materials 62
- 2.11.7 Behavioural Transformation 63
3 PLASTICS PACKAGING RECYCLING 64
- 3.1 Global production of plastics 64
- 3.2 The importance of plastic 65
- 3.3 Issues with plastics use 65
- 3.4 Plastic pollution 66
- 3.5 Mechanical vs. Chemical Recycling 68
- 3.6 Polymers used in packaging applications 69
- 3.6.1 Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 69
- 3.6.2 Polyethylene 70
- 3.6.2.1 Low density and linear low density polyethylene LDPE/ (LDPE) 70
- 3.6.2.2 High density Polyethylene (HDPE) 71
- 3.6.3 Polypropylene (PP) 72
- 3.6.4 Polyamides (PA) 73
- 3.6.5 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 74
- 3.6.6 Cyclic olefin copolymers (COC) 75
- 3.6.7 Polystyrene (PS) 76
- 3.6.8 Thermoplastic elastomers 77
- 3.7 Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology 77
- 3.7.1 PE 77
- 3.7.2 PP 78
- 3.7.3 PET 80
- 3.7.4 PS 82
- 3.7.5 Nylon 83
- 3.7.6 Others 84
- 3.8 Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology, by region 86
- 3.8.1 Europe 86
- 3.8.2 North America 87
- 3.8.3 South America 88
- 3.8.4 Asia 90
- 3.8.5 Oceania 91
- 3.8.6 Africa 92
- 3.9 Thermoplastics recycling processes 94
- 3.10 Vulcanized elastomers recycling processes 95
- 3.11 Mechanical recycling 97
- 3.11.1 Processes 97
- 3.11.2 Closed-loop mechanical recycling 98
- 3.11.3 Open-loop mechanical recycling 98
- 3.11.4 Polymer types, use, and recovery 98
- 3.11.5 Life cycle assessment 100
- 3.11.6 Market trends 100
- 3.11.7 Global mechanical recycling capacity 102
- 3.11.7.1 Producers 102
- 3.11.7.2 By region 104
- 3.11.8 Common plastics recycled 105
- 3.11.8.1 PET 107
- 3.11.8.2 HDPE 108
- 3.11.8.3 LDPE 109
- 3.11.8.4 PP 110
- 3.11.8.5 PVC 111
- 3.11.8.6 PS 112
- 3.11.9 Optical and sensor technologies 114
- 3.11.9.1 Near-infrared (NIR) sensors 114
- 3.11.9.2 Mid-infrared (MIR) sensors 115
- 3.11.9.3 Hyperspectral imaging 116
- 3.11.9.4 Optical sorting 117
- 3.11.9.5 Metal detectors 118
- 3.11.9.6 X-ray detectors 119
- 3.11.9.7 Melt Indexers 120
- 3.11.9.8 Colorimeters 121
- 3.12 Advanced Chemical Recycling 122
- 3.12.1 Capacities 122
- 3.12.2 Chemically recycled plastic products 125
- 3.12.3 Market map 126
- 3.12.4 Value chain 128
- 3.12.5 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 129
- 3.12.6 Plastic yield of each chemical recycling technologies 130
- 3.12.7 Prices 130
- 3.12.8 Market challenges 131
- 3.12.9 Technologies 132
- 3.12.9.1 Applications 132
- 3.12.9.2 Pyrolysis 133
- 3.12.9.2.1 Non-catalytic 134
- 3.12.9.2.2 Catalytic 135
- 3.12.9.2.2.1 Polystyrene pyrolysis 138
- 3.12.9.2.2.2 Pyrolysis for production of bio fuel 138
- 3.12.9.2.3 Used tires pyrolysis 142
- 3.12.9.2.3.1 Conversion to biofuel 143
- 3.12.9.2.4 Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes 144
- 3.12.9.3 Gasification 145
- 3.12.9.3.1 Technology overview 145
- 3.12.9.3.1.1 Syngas conversion to methanol 146
- 3.12.9.3.1.2 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation 150
- 3.12.9.3.1.3 Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion 150
- 3.12.9.3.2 Companies and capacities (current and planned) 151
- 3.12.9.3.1 Technology overview 145
- 3.12.9.4 Dissolution 152
- 3.12.9.4.1 Technology overview 152
- 3.12.9.4.2 Companies and capacities (current and planned) 153
- 3.12.9.5 Depolymerisation 154
- 3.12.9.5.1 Hydrolysis 157
- 3.12.9.5.1.1 Technology overview 157
- 3.12.9.5.2 Enzymolysis 158
- 3.12.9.5.2.1 Technology overview 158
- 3.12.9.5.3 Methanolysis 159
- 3.12.9.5.3.1 Technology overview 159
- 3.12.9.5.4 Glycolysis 161
- 3.12.9.5.4.1 Technology overview 161
- 3.12.9.5.5 Aminolysis 163
- 3.12.9.5.5.1 Technology overview 163
- 3.12.9.5.5.2 Companies and capacities (current and planned) 164
- 3.12.9.5.1 Hydrolysis 157
- 3.12.9.6 Other advanced chemical recycling technologies 165
- 3.12.9.6.1 Hydrothermal cracking 165
- 3.12.9.6.2 Pyrolysis with in-line reforming 166
- 3.12.9.6.3 Microwave-assisted pyrolysis 167
- 3.12.9.6.4 Plasma pyrolysis 167
- 3.12.9.6.5 Plasma gasification 168
- 3.12.9.6.6 Supercritical fluids 169
- 3.13 Bio-plastics 170
- 3.13.1 Bio-based or renewable plastics 170
- 3.13.1.1 Drop-in bio-based plastics 170
- 3.13.1.2 Novel bio-based plastics 171
- 3.13.2 Biodegradable and compostable plastics 172
- 3.13.2.1 Biodegradability 173
- 3.13.2.2 Compostability 174
- 3.13.3 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) 175
- 3.13.4 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) 176
- 3.13.5 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT) 178
- 3.13.6 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) 178
- 3.13.7 Polyamides (Bio-PA) 180
- 3.13.8 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) 182
- 3.13.9 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers 183
- 3.13.10 Polyethylene (Bio-PE) 184
- 3.13.11 Polypropylene (Bio-PP) 184
- 3.13.12 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) 185
- 3.13.12.1 Types 187
- 3.13.12.1.1 PHB 189
- 3.13.12.1.2 PHBV 189
- 3.13.12.2 Synthesis and production processes 191
- 3.13.12.3 Commercially available PHAs 194
- 3.13.12.1 Types 187
- 3.13.1 Bio-based or renewable plastics 170
- 3.14 Marine Degradable 196
- 3.15 Smart & Active Packaging 197
- 3.15.1 Sensors 197
- 3.15.2 RFID tags 199
- 3.15.3 Oxygen scavengers 200
- 3.15.4 Antimicrobial surfaces 203
- 3.15.5 Moisture Regulators 206
- 3.16 Reuse Models 207
- 3.17 Circular Design 210
4 PAPER PACKAGING RECYCLING 212
- 4.1 Market overview 212
- 4.1.1 Global market size 212
- 4.1.2 Supply 214
- 4.1.3 Demand drivers 215
- 4.1.4 Prices 216
- 4.1.5 Economics 217
- 4.1.6 Global processing capacity 218
- 4.2 Paper Packaging Types 220
- 4.3 Paper Packaging Recycling Process 221
- 4.4 Benefits of Paper Recycling 223
- 4.5 Issues Hampering Recycling 224
- 4.6 Renewable Materials 225
- 4.6.1 Bagasse 225
- 4.6.2 Bamboo 226
- 4.6.3 Flax 227
- 4.6.4 Mycelium 228
- 4.6.5 Nano-fibrillated cellulose (NFC) 230
- 4.6.6 Micro-fibrillated cellulose (MFC) 232
- 4.7 Compostable Packaging 233
- 4.7.1 PLA Lining 233
- 4.7.2 Molded Fiber 234
- 4.7.3 Coated Papers 235
- 4.7.4 PLA liners 236
- 4.7.5 Molded fiber 238
- 4.8 Active & Intelligent Packaging 239
- 4.9 Strength Improvements 241
- 4.9.1 Nanocellulose 241
- 4.9.2 Synthetic Binders 242
- 4.9.3 3D Molded Fiber 243
- 4.9.4 Mineral additives 244
- 4.10 Circular Design 246
- 4.10.1 Mono-material packaging 246
- 4.10.2 Water-based Coatings 249
- 4.10.3 Smart Dyes 250
- 4.10.4 Digital watermarking 251
- 4.11 Other technologies 252
- 4.11.1 Robotics 252
- 4.11.2 Enzymatic pretreatment 253
- 4.11.3 Membrane filtration 254
- 4.11.4 Black liquor valorization 256
- 4.11.5 Pressurized hot water extraction 256
- 4.12 Market Challenges 258
5 GLASS PACKAGING RECYCLING 261
- 5.1 Market overview 261
- 5.1.1 Global market size 261
- 5.1.2 Supply 263
- 5.1.3 Demand drivers 263
- 5.1.4 Prices 264
- 5.1.5 Economics 266
- 5.1.6 Global processing capacity 267
- 5.2 Glass Packaging Recycling Process 268
- 5.3 Benefits of Glass Recycling 271
- 5.4 Participation Challenges 272
- 5.5 Use of Recycled Glass 273
- 5.6 Lightweighting 274
- 5.7 Active & Smart 275
- 5.8 Reuse Models 276
- 5.9 Cullet Processing 277
- 5.9.1 Advanced optical sorting for cullet purification 277
- 5.9.2 Decoating technologies 278
- 5.10 Other materials and technologies 281
- 5.10.1 Optical sorters 281
- 5.10.2 Glass foams 282
- 5.10.3 Bioglass 282
- 5.10.4 Glass-polymer hybrids 283
- 5.10.5 Digital watermarking 284
- 5.11 Market Challenges 285
- 5.12 Future Opportunities 286
6 METALS PACKAGING RECYCLING 288
- 6.1 Market overview 288
- 6.1.1 Global market size 288
- 6.1.2 Supply 290
- 6.1.3 Demand drivers 291
- 6.1.4 Prices 292
- 6.1.5 Economics 293
- 6.1.6 Global processing capacity 294
- 6.2 Metal Packaging Recycling Process 296
- 6.3 Benefits of Glass Recycling 298
- 6.4 Innovation 300
- 6.4.1 Aluminium 300
- 6.4.2 Steel 302
- 6.4.3 Active & Smart Packaging 304
- 6.4.4 Hybrid Packaging 307
7 DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES 309
- 7.1 Blockchain for Circularity 309
- 7.2 Internet of Things (IoT) 310
- 7.3 Artificial Intelligence 311
- 7.4 Digital Watermarks 312
8 MARKETS AND APPLICATIONS 315
- 8.1 Food Packaging 315
- 8.2 Beverage Packaging 317
- 8.3 Personal Care & Household Products 319
- 8.4 Retail & E-Commerce Packaging 321
- 8.4.1 Primary Packaging 322
- 8.4.2 Secondary Packaging 324
- 8.4.3 Tertiary Packaging 325
- 8.5 Industrial Packaging 326
9 GLOBAL MARKET 2018-2034 327
- 9.1 End use applications for global recyclate 2022 328
- 9.2 By revenues 328
- 9.3 By material 330
- 9.4 By region 331
- 9.4.1 Asia Pacific 332
- 9.4.2 North America 332
- 9.4.3 Europe 332
- 9.4.4 South America 332
10 COMPANY PROFILES 333 (249 company profiles)
11 REFERENCES 553
List of Tables
- Table 1. Key benefits driving adoption of recyclable packaging solutions. 26
- Table 2. Global Recycling Rates. 33
- Table 3. Key factors limiting real-world recycling rates. 34
- Table 4. Recyclable packaging market landscape. 35
- Table 5. Waste plastics value chain. 37
- Table 6. Material suppliers. 39
- Table 7. Packaging & equipment companies. 40
- Table 8. Consumer brands. 41
- Table 9. Waste & Recycling companies. 43
- Table 10. Market challenges in recyclable packaging. 55
- Table 11. Issues related to the use of plastics. 65
- Table 12. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PE (million tons). 77
- Table 13. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PP (million tons). 78
- Table 14. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PET (million tons). 80
- Table 15. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PS (million tons). 82
- Table 16. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for Nylon (million tons). 83
- Table 17. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for Other types (million tons).* 84
- Table 18. Global polymer demand in Europe, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tons). 86
- Table 19. Global polymer demand in North America, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tons). 87
- Table 20. Global polymer demand in South America, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tons). 88
- Table 21. Global polymer demand in Asia, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tons). 90
- Table 22. Global polymer demand in Oceania, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tons). 91
- Table 23. Global polymer demand in Africa, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tons). 92
- Table 24. Key processes involved in the mechanical recycling of plastics. 97
- Table 25. Polymer types, use, and recovery. 98
- Table 26. Life cycle assessment of virgin plastic production, mechanical recycling and chemical recycling. 100
- Table 27. Market trends in mechanical recycling. 100
- Table 28. Mechanical plastic recycling capacities, by producer, current and planned (metric tons). 102
- Table 29. Global mechanical recycling capacity by region 2018-2034 (million metric tons). 104
- Table 30. Recyclable Plastic Types. 106
- Table 31. Advanced plastics recycling capacities, by technology. 122
- Table 32. Example chemically recycled plastic products. 125
- Table 33. Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) of Advanced Chemical Recycling Processes. 129
- Table 34. Plastic yield of each chemical recycling technologies. 130
- Table 35. Chemically recycled plastics prices in USD. 131
- Table 36. Challenges in the advanced chemical recycling market. 131
- Table 37. Applications of chemically recycled materials. 132
- Table 38. Summary of non-catalytic pyrolysis technologies. 135
- Table 39. Summary of catalytic pyrolysis technologies. 136
- Table 40. Summary of pyrolysis technique under different operating conditions. 140
- Table 41. Biomass materials and their bio-oil yield. 141
- Table 42. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process. 142
- Table 43. Summary of gasification technologies. 145
- Table 44. Advanced recycling (Gasification) companies. 151
- Table 45. Summary of dissolution technologies. 152
- Table 46. Advanced recycling (Dissolution) companies 153
- Table 47. Depolymerisation processes for PET, PU, PC and PA, products and yields. 156
- Table 48. Summary of hydrolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers. 157
- Table 49. Summary of Enzymolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers. 158
- Table 50. Summary of methanolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers. 159
- Table 51. Summary of glycolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers. 161
- Table 52. Summary of aminolysis technologies. 163
- Table 53. Advanced recycling (Depolymerisation) companies and capacities (current and planned). 164
- Table 54. Overview of hydrothermal cracking for advanced chemical recycling. 165
- Table 55. Overview of Pyrolysis with in-line reforming for advanced chemical recycling. 166
- Table 56. Overview of microwave-assisted pyrolysis for advanced chemical recycling. 167
- Table 57. Overview of plasma pyrolysis for advanced chemical recycling. 167
- Table 58. Overview of plasma gasification for advanced chemical recycling. 168
- Table 59. Type of biodegradation. 173
- Table 60. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 175
- Table 61. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 177
- Table 62. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 178
- Table 63. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 179
- Table 64. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) market analysis - manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 180
- Table 65. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 182
- Table 66. Bio-PBS market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 183
- Table 67. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 184
- Table 68. Bio-PP market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 184
- Table 69.Types of PHAs and properties. 188
- Table 70. Comparison of the physical properties of different PHAs with conventional petroleum-based polymers. 190
- Table 71. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) extraction methods. 192
- Table 72. Commercially available PHAs. 194
- Table 73. Global paper packaging recycling market, 2018-2034 (million tonnes). 213
- Table 74. Global paper packaging recycling processing capacity million tons, 2022. 218
- Table 75. Major paper packaging formats. 220
- Table 76. Benefits of Paper Recycling. 223
- Table 77. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 228
- Table 78. Companies developing mycelium-based bioplastics. 229
- Table 79. Paper Recycling Challenges. 258
- Table 80. Global glass packaging recycling market, 2018-2034 (million tonnes). 262
- Table 81. Global glass packaging recycling processing capacity million tons, 2022. 267
- Table 82. Benefits of Glass Recycling. 271
- Table 83. Applications of recycled glass. 273
- Table 84. Glass Recycling Challenges. 285
- Table 85. Global metal packaging recycling market, 2018-2034 (million tonnes). 289
- Table 86. Global metal packaging recycling processing capacity million tons, 2022. 295
- Table 87. Benefits of Metal Packaging Recycling. 298
- Table 88. Global Recyclable Packaging Market 2018-2034 (billions USD). 328
- Table 89. Global Recyclable Packaging Market 2018-2034 (million tonnes), segmented by materials. 330
- Table 90. Global Recyclable Packaging Market 2018-2034 (million tonnes), segmented by materials. 331
List of Figures
- Figure 1. Recycling process for recyclable packaging. 25
- Figure 2. Global plastics production 1950-2021, millions of tons. 64
- Figure 3. Global production, use, and fate of polymer resins, synthetic fibers, and additives. 66
- Figure 4. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PE (million tons). 77
- Figure 5. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PP (million tons). 79
- Figure 6. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PET (million tons). 80
- Figure 7. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PS (million tons). 82
- Figure 8. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for Nylon (million tons). 83
- Figure 9. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for Other types (million tons). 85
- Figure 10. Global polymer demand in Europe, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tons). 86
- Figure 11. Global polymer demand in North America, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tons). 87
- Figure 12. Global polymer demand in South America, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tons). 89
- Figure 13. Global polymer demand in Asia, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tons). 90
- Figure 14. Global polymer demand in Oceania, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tons). 91
- Figure 15. Global polymer demand in Africa, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tons). 92
- Figure 16. Global mechanical recycling capacity by region 2018-2034 (million metric tons). 103
- Figure 17. Market map for advanced plastics recycling. 127
- Figure 18. Value chain for advanced plastics recycling market. 128
- Figure 19. Schematic layout of a pyrolysis plant. 133
- Figure 20. Waste plastic production pathways to (A) diesel and (B) gasoline 138
- Figure 21. Schematic for Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires. 142
- Figure 22. Used tires conversion process. 143
- Figure 23. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2021. 146
- Figure 24. Overview of biogas utilization. 147
- Figure 25. Biogas and biomethane pathways. 148
- Figure 26. Products obtained through the different solvolysis pathways of PET, PU, and PA. 154
- Figure 27. Coca-Cola PlantBottle®. 170
- Figure 28. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics. 171
- Figure 29. PHA family. 187
- Figure 30. Global paper packaging recycling market, 2018-2034 (million tonnes). 213
- Figure 31. Paper recycling process. 221
- Figure 32. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam. 228
- Figure 33. Global glass packaging recycling market, 2018-2034 (million tonnes). 261
- Figure 34. Glass Packaging Recycling. 269
- Figure 35. Global metal packaging recycling market, 2018-2034 (million tonnes). 289
- Figure 36. End use applications for global recyclate 2022. 327
- Figure 37. Global Recyclable Packaging Market 2018-2034 (billions USD). 328
- Figure 38. Global Recyclable Packaging Market 2018-2034 (million tonnes), segmented by materials. 330
- Figure 39. Global Recyclable Packaging Market 2018-2034 (million tonnes), segmented by materials. 331
- Figure 40. Pluumo. 334
- Figure 41. NewCycling process. 345
- Figure 42. ChemCyclingTM prototypes. 353
- Figure 43. ChemCycling circle by BASF. 354
- Figure 44. Recycled carbon fibers obtained through the R3FIBER process. 355
- Figure 45. BIOLO e-commerce mailer bag made from PHA. 359
- Figure 46. Reusable and recyclable foodservice cups, lids, and straws from Joinease Hong Kong Ltd., made with plant-based NuPlastiQ BioPolymer from BioLogiQ, Inc. 360
- Figure 47. Cassandra Oil process. 375
- Figure 48. CuanSave film. 387
- Figure 49. CuRe Technology process. 388
- Figure 50. PHA production process. 412
- Figure 51. MoReTec. 446
- Figure 52. Chemical decomposition process of polyurethane foam. 452
- Figure 53. Compostable water pod. 467
- Figure 54. Schematic Process of Plastic Energy’s TAC Chemical Recycling. 481
- Figure 55. XCNF. 500
- Figure 56. Easy-tear film material from recycled material. 503
- Figure 57. Polyester fabric made from recycled monomers. 506
- Figure 58. Hansa lignin. 509
- Figure 59. Sulapac cosmetics containers. 522
- Figure 60. Sulzer equipment for PLA polymerization processing. 523
- Figure 61. A sheet of acrylic resin made from conventional, fossil resource-derived MMA monomer (left) and a sheet of acrylic resin made from chemically recycled MMA monomer (right). 525
- Figure 62. Teijin Frontier Co., Ltd. Depolymerisation process. 530
- Figure 63. UPM biorefinery process. 539
- Figure 64. The Velocys process. 543
- Figure 65. The Proesa® Process. 546
- Figure 66. Worn Again products. 549
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