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The Global Market for 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing 2024-2035

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By on ADVANCED MATERIALS, BUILDINGS, LATEST REPORTS, PLASTICS, POLYMERS, REPORTS

  • Published: January 2024
  • Pages: 640
  • Tables: 72
  • Figures: 49

 

Additive manufacturing (AM, also known as 3D printing) is an advanced manufacturing technique that has enabled progress in the design and fabrication of complex structures with tuneable properties. The Global Market for 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing 2024-2035 examines the global market for 3D printing hardware, materials, and services - forecasting growth from 2018 to 2035. It assesses hardware unit sales and revenues by technology including vat photopolymerization, material jetting, binder jetting, material extrusion, powder bed fusion, and directed energy deposition.

Global demand is analyzed for polymers, metals, ceramics, and composite materials in both volume and revenue terms. Regional splits are provided for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Rest of World. The report profiles over 200 companies involved in 3D printer manufacturing, materials production, software, and service provision.

Key end-user markets analyzed include aerospace, medical and dental devices, architecture, automotive, consumer products, industrial machinery, electronics, energy, oil and gas, marine sectors, and food printing. Dozens of product examples showcase applications across these industries.

Trends assessed in 3D printing hardware encompass throughput, multi-material printing, quality, large format, and desktop systems. The latest developments in polymers, metals, ceramics, nanocomposites, and smart materials are reviewed as well.

The report examines the role of additive manufacturing in prototyping, tooling production, and certified end-part manufacturing. Other aspects include design software, process simulation, automation, quality assurance, post-processing, and sustainability impacts.

Report contents include:

  • Global market forecasts for AM hardware, materials, and services from 2018-2035
  • Analysis of AM hardware by technology type - unit sales and revenues
  • Assessment of polymer, metal, ceramic, composite material demand
  • Profiles of 200+ leading and emerging companies across the AM value chain. Companies profiled include 3DCERAM, Additive Industries, Admatec Europe, Bright Laser Technologies, Desktop Metal, Eplus3D, Fabric8Labs, Freeform, GE Additive, MADDE,  Quantica, SLM Solutions, Seurat Technologies,  Stratasys Direct, Tethon3D, TRUMPF, Velo3D, Xjet and Ziknes.
  • AM market growth drivers and latest industry trends
  • Role of AM in prototyping, tooling, and end-part production
  • AM applications in aerospace, medical, architecture, automotive, consumer, electronics and energy sectors
  • Impact of AM on manufacturing, supply chains, sustainability
  • Post-processing, quality assurance, simulation, automation in AM
  • Latest progress with polymers, metals, ceramics and nanocomposites for AM
  • Regional market demand analysis across North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, RoW

 

 

1              RESEARCH METHODOLOGY         21

 

2              EXECUTIVE SUMMARY   23

  • 2.1          Additive Manufacturing (AM) and 3D printing      23
    • 2.1.1      Processes and feedstock              23
    • 2.1.2      Comparison of AM and Conventional Manufacturing       24
    • 2.1.3      Benefits of additive manufacturing (AM)               25
  • 2.2          Market growth drivers   27
  • 2.3          Trends in additive manufacturing              28
    • 2.3.1      3D printing hardware     29
    • 2.3.2      3D printing materials      29
  • 2.4          Market players  30
    • 2.4.1      Market map       31
    • 2.4.2      Printer Manufacturers   35
    • 2.4.3      Materials Companies     39
    • 2.4.4      Software Firms  40
    • 2.4.5      Service Bureaus 42
  • 2.5          Market Outlook 43
    • 2.5.1      Printer Hardware Advancements              44
    • 2.5.2      Software and Design Advancements       44
    • 2.5.3      Manufacturing and Supply Chain Impact 45
    • 2.5.4      Sustainability Impact      45
    • 2.5.5      Industry Growth Projections       46
  • 2.6          Challenges and Limitations           47
  • 2.7          Recent market news and investments    52
  • 2.8          Global market 2018-2035               56
    • 2.8.1      Hardware            56
      • 2.8.1.1   Units     56
      • 2.8.1.2   Revenues            57
    • 2.8.2      Materials             59
      • 2.8.2.1   Tonnes 59
      • 2.8.2.2   Revenues            59
    • 2.8.3      Services               60
      • 2.8.3.1   Revenues            61

 

3              INTRODUCTION 64

  • 3.1          Overview of Additive Manufacturing       65
    • 3.1.1      Prototyping        66
    • 3.1.2      Tooling 68
    • 3.1.3      Final part production      69
  • 3.2          History of Additive Manufacturing            70
  • 3.3          Industries            73
  • 3.4          Additive Manufacturing Processes           74
    • 3.4.1      Vat Photopolymerization             76
    • 3.4.2      Material Jetting 77
    • 3.4.3      Binder Jetting    78
    • 3.4.4      Material Extrusion           79
    • 3.4.5      Powder Bed Fusion         81
    • 3.4.6      Sheet Lamination             81
    • 3.4.7      Directed Energy Deposition         83
  • 3.5          Materials             85
    • 3.5.1      Polymers             85
    • 3.5.2      Metals  85
    • 3.5.3      Composites materials     86
    • 3.5.4      Ceramics and other materials     87
  • 3.6          Desktop 3D printers        89
  • 3.7          Key considerations for material compatibility       91

 

4              POLYMERS          93

  • 4.1          Overview            93
    • 4.1.1      Plastics 95
      • 4.1.1.1   Sustainable materials     95
  • 4.2          Trends  96
  • 4.3          Hardware            97
    • 4.3.1.1   Material Extrusion           99
    • 4.3.1.2   Vat Photopolymerization             107
    • 4.3.1.3   Powder Bed Fusion         112
    • 4.3.1.4   Material Jetting 114
  • 4.4          Materials             117
    • 4.4.1      Photopolymers 118
      • 4.4.1.1   Vat photopolymers         118
      • 4.4.1.2   High-speed vat photopolymerization materials   120
    • 4.4.2      Thermoplastics 121
      • 4.4.2.1   Extrusion 3D printing (filaments and pellets)        122
      • 4.4.2.2   Powders              140
    • 4.4.3      Thermosets        147
      • 4.4.3.1   Silicone 147
      • 4.4.3.2   Thermoset Polyurethane              149
    • 4.4.4      Hydrogels            149
    • 4.4.5      Smart polymers and 4D printing (shape-morphing system)            149
  • 4.5          Market players  152
  • 4.6          Historical and forecasted markets            155
    • 4.6.1      Hardware unit sales, 2018-2035  155
    • 4.6.2      Hardware revenues, 2018-2035  158
    • 4.6.3      Regional hardware revenues, 2018-2035                160
    • 4.6.4      Materials volumes, 2018-2035    163
    • 4.6.5      Materials revenues, 2018-2035  165
    • 4.6.6      Regional materials revenues, 2018-2035 167

 

5              METALS                170

  • 5.1          Overview            170
  • 5.2          Trends  172
  • 5.3          Hardware            173
    • 5.3.1      Metal PBF technologies 175
      • 5.3.1.1   Laser metal PBF (L-PBF or SLM)  176
    • 5.3.2      Metal DED technologies 177
      • 5.3.2.1   Powder metal laser DED (L-DED)                177
      • 5.3.2.2   Wire metal DED (WAAM, EBAM, RPD)     178
    • 5.3.3      Sinter-based technologies           179
      • 5.3.3.1   Metal binder jetting (MBJ)           179
      • 5.3.3.2   Bound metal material extrusion (MEX – bound)  180
      • 5.3.3.3   Bound metal stereolithography (VPP – bound)   181
    • 5.3.4      Consolidation technologies          182
      • 5.3.4.1   Kinetic consolidation (cold spray)              182
      • 5.3.4.2   Friction consolidation (friction stir welding)          183
      • 5.3.4.3   Ultrasound consolidation              184
      • 5.3.4.4   EBM metal PBF (EB-PBF)               185
  • 5.4          Materials             186
    • 5.4.1      Metal powders 189
      • 5.4.1.1   Atomization processes  189
      • 5.4.1.2   Steel powders   190
      • 5.4.1.3   Titanium and titanium alloy powders      191
      • 5.4.1.4   Nickel alloy powders      192
      • 5.4.1.5   Copper alloy powders    194
      • 5.4.1.6   Precious metal powders 195
    • 5.4.2      Metal wire          196
    • 5.4.3      Bound metal feedstock 198
  • 5.5          Market players  200
  • 5.6          Historical and forecasted markets            202
    • 5.6.1      Hardware unit sales, 2018-2035  202
    • 5.6.2      Hardware revenues, 2018-2035  205
    • 5.6.3      Regional hardware revenues, 2018-2035                207
    • 5.6.4      Materials volumes, 2018-2035    210
    • 5.6.5      Materials revenues, 2018-2035  212
    • 5.6.6      Regional materials revenues, 2018-2035 214

 

6              CERAMICS           220

  • 6.1          Overview            220
    • 6.1.1      Traditional ceramics in additive manufacturing   221
      • 6.1.1.1   Trends  222
    • 6.1.2      Technical ceramics in additive manufacturing      222
      • 6.1.2.1   Trends  222
  • 6.2          Hardware            224
    • 6.2.1      Traditional ceramics        225
      • 6.2.1.1   Binder jetting technology             225
      • 6.2.1.2   Paste deposition/extrusion technologies               226
    • 6.2.2      Technical ceramics           228
      • 6.2.2.1   Stereolithography           228
      • 6.2.2.2   Binder jetting    229
      • 6.2.2.3   Material extrusion           230
      • 6.2.2.4   Material jetting 232
  • 6.3          Materials             234
    • 6.3.1      Traditional ceramics        236
      • 6.3.1.1   Binder jetting    236
      • 6.3.1.2   Silica sand           238
      • 6.3.1.3   Quartz sand        239
      • 6.3.1.4   Zircon sand         240
      • 6.3.1.5   Chromite             241
      • 6.3.1.6   Cerabeads          242
      • 6.3.1.7   Ceramsite           242
      • 6.3.1.8   Clays      243
      • 6.3.1.9   Concrete             244
    • 6.3.2      Technical ceramics           245
      • 6.3.2.1   Technical ceramic slurries             245
      • 6.3.2.2   Technical ceramic powders         246
      • 6.3.2.3   Oxide ceramics  247
      • 6.3.2.4   Non-oxide ceramics        248
      • 6.3.2.5   Calcium-based bioceramics          252
  • 6.4          Market players  256
  • 6.5          Historical and forecasted markets            259
    • 6.5.1      Hardware unit sales, 2018-2035  259
    • 6.5.2      Hardware revenues, 2018-2035  262
    • 6.5.3      Regional hardware revenues, 2018-2035                264
    • 6.5.4      Materials volumes, 2018-2035    267
    • 6.5.5      Materials revenues, 2018-2035  269
    • 6.5.6      Regional materials revenues, 2018-2035 271

 

7              COMPOSITES     274

  • 7.1          Overview            274
  • 7.2          Trends  275
  • 7.3          Hardware            276
    • 7.3.1      Chopped fiber   277
      • 7.3.1.1   Cartesian filament extrusion systems and OEMs 277
      • 7.3.1.2   Cartesian pellet extrusion (LFAM)             278
      • 7.3.1.3   Powder bed fusion (PBF)              279
    • 7.3.2      Continuous fiber AM technologies and markets  280
      • 7.3.2.1   Cartesian extrusion systems and OEMs   280
      • 7.3.2.2   Robotic extrusion            281
      • 7.3.2.3   Other hybrid technologies and processes              282
  • 7.4          Materials             286
    • 7.4.1      Composite filament materials     288
    • 7.4.2      Composite pellet materials          289
    • 7.4.3      Composite powder materials      291
    • 7.4.4      Continuous fiber materials           291
  • 7.5          Market players  293
  • 7.6          Historical and forecasted markets            296
    • 7.6.1      Hardware unit sales, 2018-2035  296
    • 7.6.2      Hardware revenues, 2018-2035  299
    • 7.6.3      Regional hardware revenues, 2018-2035                301
    • 7.6.4      Materials volumes, 2018-2035    304
    • 7.6.5      Materials revenues, 2018-2035  306
    • 7.6.6      Regional materials revenues, 2018-2035 308

 

8              POST-PROCESSING          311

  • 8.1          Process monitoring         311
  • 8.2          Metal vs. Polymer in Post-processing      313
  • 8.3          Post-processing Approaches       314
  • 8.4          Polymer post-processing              315
  • 8.5          Metal post-processing   317
  • 8.6          Sustainability in Post-processing 321

 

9              SOFTWARE AND SERVICES           322

  • 9.1          Service providers             325
    • 9.1.1      Market overview             326
    • 9.1.2      Global revenues               327
    • 9.1.3      Market players  327
  • 9.2          AM software      331
    • 9.2.1      AM Software Platform   332
    • 9.2.2      Market players  336
    • 9.2.3      Global revenues               337

 

10           MARKETS FOR ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING         340

  • 10.1        Prototypes         342
    • 10.1.1    Functional prototypes   342
    • 10.1.2    Multi-iteration prototyping          343
    • 10.1.3    Prototype to production               344
  • 10.2        Tools     345
    • 10.2.1    Molds for die casting      345
    • 10.2.2    Mechanical tools              346
    • 10.2.3    End of arm tools (EOAT) 348
  • 10.3        Final parts           348
  • 10.4        Aerospace          350
    • 10.4.1    Overview            350
    • 10.4.2    Materials and applications           351
    • 10.4.3    Market players  353
    • 10.4.4    Product examples            355
  • 10.5        Medical and Dental         357
    • 10.5.1    Overview            357
    • 10.5.2    Materials and applications           359
      • 10.5.2.1                Medical devices 360
      • 10.5.2.2                Pharmaceuticals               361
      • 10.5.2.3                Dental   364
    • 10.5.3    Market players  366
    • 10.5.4    Product examples            369
  • 10.6        Architecture & Construction        372
    • 10.6.1    Overview            372
    • 10.6.2    Materials and applications           375
    • 10.6.3    Market players  377
    • 10.6.4    Product examples            379
  • 10.7        Automotive        383
    • 10.7.1    Overview            383
    • 10.7.2    Materials and applications           386
    • 10.7.3    Market players  388
    • 10.7.4    Product examples            392
  • 10.8        Consumer Products        396
    • 10.8.1    Overview            396
    • 10.8.2    Materials and applications           398
    • 10.8.3    Market players  399
    • 10.8.4    Product examples            402
  • 10.9        Energy  403
    • 10.9.1    Overview            403
    • 10.9.2    Materials and applications           404
  • 10.10     Industrial machinery and tooling               405
    • 10.10.1  Overview            405
    • 10.10.2  Materials and applications           407
  • 10.11     Electronics          408
    • 10.11.1  Overview            408
    • 10.11.2  Materials and applications           409
  • 10.12     Energy  411
    • 10.12.1  Overview            411
    • 10.12.2  Materials and applications           412
  • 10.13     Oil & gas              413
    • 10.13.1  Overview            414
    • 10.13.2  Materials and applications           415
  • 10.14     Marine 415
    • 10.14.1  Overview            415
    • 10.14.2  Materials and applications           417
  • 10.15     3D-printed food 417
    • 10.15.1  Overview            417
    • 10.15.2  Market players  417

 

11           COMPANY PROFILES       420 (209 company profiles)

 

12           ACRONYMS        629

 

13           REFERENCES       632

 

List of Tables

  • Table 1. Additive Manufacturing (AM) and 3D printing processes and feedstock. 23
  • Table 2. Comparison of AM and Conventional Manufacturing.     24
  • Table 3. AM techniques, useable materials, and pros and cons.    25
  • Table 4. Market growth drivers for 3D printing and additive manufacturing.          27
  • Table 5. Challenges and limitations in additive manufacturing.     48
  • Table 6. Global market for 3D printing hardware, by technology, 2018-2035 (Units).          56
  • Table 7. Global market for 3D printing hardware, by technology, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).           57
  • Table 8. Global market for 3D printing hardware, by material, 2018-2035 (tonnes).            59
  • Table 9. Global market for 3D printing hardware, by material, 2018-2035 (tonnes).            59
  • Table 10. Types of 3D printing processes.              74
  • Table 11. Comparison of AM processes. 84
  • Table 12. Overview of polymer 3D printing technologies.               93
  • Table 13. Types of polymer materials for 3D printing.       94
  • Table 14. Trends in polymer additive manufacturing.       96
  • Table 15. 3D polymer printing technologies.        98
  • Table 16. Market players in polymer additive manufacturing.       152
  • Table 17. Polymer AM hardware unit sales 2018-2035.     155
  • Table 18. Polymer AM hardware revenues 2018-2035 (Millions USD).       158
  • Table 19. Polymer AM hardware revenues 2018-2035 (Millions USD), by region.  160
  • Table 20. Polymer AM material volumes, 2018-2035 (tonnes).     163
  • Table 21. Polymer AM material revenues, 2018-2035 (millions USD).        165
  • Table 22. Polymer AM material revenues, 2018-2035 (millions USD), by region.   167
  • Table 23. Overview of metal 3D printing technologies.    170
  • Table 24. Trends in metal additive manufacturing.            172
  • Table 25. 3D Metal Printing Technologies.             173
  • Table 26. Metal AM feedstocks. 186
  • Table 27. Market players in metal manufacturing.             200
  • Table 28. Metal AM hardware unit sales 2018-2035.          202
  • Table 29. Metal AM hardware revenues 2018-2035 (Millions USD).           205
  • Table 30. Metal AM hardware revenues 2018-2035 (Millions USD), by region.       207
  • Table 31. Metal AM material volumes, 2018-2035 (tonnes).         210
  • Table 32. Metal AM material revenues, 2018-2035 (millions USD).             212
  • Table 33. Metal AM material revenues, 2018-2035 (millions USD), by region.        214
  • Table 34. Overview of 3D printing ceramics.         220
  • Table 35.  Trends in traditional ceramic additive manufacturing. 222
  • Table 36.  Trends in technical ceramic additive manufacturing.    223
  • Table 37. Concrete applications in AM.   244
  • Table 38. Market players in ceramics additive manufacturing.      256
  • Table 39. Ceramic AM hardware unit sales 2018-2035.     259
  • Table 40. Ceramic AM hardware revenues 2018-2035 (Millions USD).       262
  • Table 41. Ceramic AM hardware revenues 2018-2035 (Millions USD), by region.  264
  • Table 42. Ceramic AM material volumes, 2018-2035 (tonnes).     267
  • Table 43. Ceramic AM material revenues, 2018-2035 (millions USD).         269
  • Table 44. Ceramic AM material revenues, 2018-2035 (millions USD), by region.    271
  • Table 45. Trends in ceramics additive manufacturing.      275
  • Table 46. Market players in composites additive manufacturing. 293
  • Table 47. Ceramic AM hardware unit sales 2018-2035.     296
  • Table 48. Ceramic AM hardware revenues 2018-2035 (Millions USD).       299
  • Table 49. Ceramic AM hardware revenues 2018-2035 (Millions USD), by region.  301
  • Table 50. Ceramic AM material volumes, 2018-2035 (tonnes).     304
  • Table 51. Ceramic AM material revenues, 2018-2035 (millions USD).         306
  • Table 52. Ceramic AM material revenues, 2018-2035 (millions USD), by region.    308
  • Table 53. AM service providers. 327
  • Table 54. Market players in AM software.             336
  • Table 55. Markets and applications for additive manufacturing.  340
  • Table 56. 3D printing applications in aerospace. 351
  • Table 57. Market players in 3D printing for aerospace.    353
  • Table 58. 3D printed product examples in Aerospace.      355
  • Table 59. 3D printing technologies in medical and dental.              357
  • Table 60. Polymers used in medical 3D printing. 359
  • Table 61. Applications of polymer 3D printing in medical and dental.        359
  • Table 62. Applications of 3D printing in medical devices. 360
  • Table 63. Applications of 3D printing in pharmaceuticals.               362
  • Table 64. Applications of 3D printing in dentistry.              364
  • Table 65. Market players in 3D printing in Medical and Dental.    366
  • Table 66. 3D printed product examples in Medical and Dental.    369
  • Table 67. 3D printing construction companies.    372
  • Table 65. Market players in 3D printing in Medical and Dental.    377
  • Table 68. 3D printed product examples in Architecture and Construction.               379
  • Table 69. 3D printing applications in automotive.              386
  • Table 70. Market players in automotive additive manufacturing. 388
  • Table 68. 3D printed product examples in Automotive.   392
  • Table 70. Market players in 3D printed consumer products.          399
  • Table 68. 3D printed product examples in Consumer Products.    402
  • Table 71. Companies developing 3D printed food.             417
  • Table 72. Additive manufacturing acronyms.        629

 

List of Figures

  • Figure 1. Market map for additive manufacturing.             35
  • Figure 2. Recent market news and investments in 3D printing and additive manufacturing.             52
  • Figure 3. Global market for 3D printing hardware, by technology, 2018-2035 (Units).        57
  • Figure 4. Global market for 3D printing hardware, by technology, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).          58
  • Figure 5. Global market for 3D printing hardware, by material, 2018-2035 (tonnes).          59
  • Figure 6. Global market for 3D printing hardware, by material, 2018-2035 (tonnes).          59
  • Figure 7. Global market for 3D printing AM services, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).   61
  • Figure 8. Global market for 3D printing AM services, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).   62
  • Figure 9. Schematics of 3D printing techniques.  74
  • Figure 10. VAT Photopolymerisation Process.      76
  • Figure 11. Material Jetting Process.          78
  • Figure 12. Binder Jetting Process.             78
  • Figure 13. Material Extrusion Process.    80
  • Figure 14. Powder Bed Fusion.   81
  • Figure 15. Directed Energy Deposition Process.   83
  • Figure 16. 3D Printing history and polymer development for 3D printing. 93
  • Figure 17. The SLA process.         108
  • Figure 18.  The DLS process.        110
  • Figure 19. Polymer AM hardware unit sales 2018-2035.    156
  • Figure 20. Polymer AM hardware revenues 2018-2035 (Millions USD).     159
  • Figure 21. Polymer AM hardware revenues 2018-2035 (Millions USD), by region. 161
  • Figure 22. Polymer AM material volumes, 2018-2035 (tonnes).   164
  • Figure 23. Polymer AM material revenues, 2018-2035 (millions USD).       166
  • Figure 24. Polymer AM material revenues, 2018-2035 (millions USD), by region.  168
  • Figure 25. Metal AM hardware unit sales 2018-2035.        203
  • Figure 26. Metal AM hardware revenues 2018-2035 (Millions USD).          206
  • Figure 27. Metal AM hardware revenues 2018-2035 (Millions USD), by region.     208
  • Figure 28. Metal AM material volumes, 2018-2035 (tonnes).        211
  • Figure 29. Metal AM material revenues, 2018-2035 (millions USD).           213
  • Figure 30. Metal AM material revenues, 2018-2035 (millions USD), by region.       215
  • Figure 31. AM produced ceramic functional parts from Lithoz GmbH.       235
  • Figure 32. Ceramic AM hardware unit sales 2018-2035.    260
  • Figure 33. Ceramic AM hardware revenues 2018-2035 (Millions USD).     263
  • Figure 34. Ceramic AM hardware revenues 2018-2035 (Millions USD), by region. 265
  • Figure 35. Ceramic AM material volumes, 2018-2035 (tonnes).   268
  • Figure 36. Ceramic AM material revenues, 2018-2035 (millions USD).       270
  • Figure 37. Ceramic AM material revenues, 2018-2035 (millions USD), by region.  273
  • Figure 38. Ceramic AM hardware unit sales 2018-2035.    297
  • Figure 39. Ceramic AM hardware revenues 2018-2035 (Millions USD).     300
  • Figure 40. Ceramic AM hardware revenues 2018-2035 (Millions USD), by region. 302
  • Figure 41. Ceramic AM material volumes, 2018-2035 (tonnes).   305
  • Figure 42. Ceramic AM material revenues, 2018-2035 (millions USD).       307
  • Figure 43. Ceramic AM material revenues, 2018-2035 (millions USD), by region.  310
  • Figure 44. Global AM Service Revenues, (Millions USD), 2018-2035.           327
  • Figure 44. Global AM Software Revenues by Tool Type, (Millions USD), 2018-2035.              337
  • Figure 45. Global AM Software Revenues by Market, (Millions USD), 2018-2035.  338
  • Figure 46. NASA logo printed in GRX-810 material.            350
  • Figure 47. Custom-Jet Oral Health System with 3D printed mouthpiece.  362
  • Figure 48. 3D printed pessary for women’s health.            362
  • Figure 49. 3D printed footwear. 398

 

 

The Global Market for 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing 2024-2035
The Global Market for 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing 2024-2035
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