The Global Market for Advanced Antimicrobial Coatings and Technologies 2023-2033

1              INTRODUCTION 26

• 1.1          Aims and objectives of the study               26
• 1.2          Market definition             26
  • 1.2.1      Properties of nanomaterials        27
  • 1.2.2      Categorization   28

2              RESEARCH METHODOLOGY         30

3              EXECUTIVE SUMMARY   31

• 3.1          Antimicrobial additives and coatings market growing       31
  • 3.1.1      Advantages        31
  • 3.1.2      Properties           32
  • 3.1.3      Applications       32
• 3.2          Nanocoatings    33
• 3.3          Antimicrobial and anti-viral coatings and surfaces             36
  • 3.3.1      Self-cleaning antimicrobial coatings and surfaces               36
    • 3.3.1.1   Bionic self-cleaning coatings        36
    • 3.3.1.2   Photocatalytic self-cleaning coatings       38
    • 3.3.1.3   Anti-fouling and easy-to-clean nanocoatings       40
  • 3.3.2      Anti-viral coatings and surfaces 42
  • 3.3.3      Nanomaterials applications          44
  • 3.3.4      Cleanliness of indoor and public areas driving demand for antimicrobials 45
• 3.4          Anti-viral coatings            46
  • 3.4.1      Reusable Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)   48
  • 3.4.2      Wipe on coatings             48
  • 3.4.3      Facemask coatings           48
  • 3.4.4      Long-term mitigation of surface contamination with nanocoatings             49
• 3.5          Main market players by antimicrobial technology area    50
• 3.6          Global market size and opportunity to 2033          51
  • 3.6.1      End user markets for antimicrobial coatings         51
  • 3.6.2      Global forecast for antimicrobial coatings to 2033              52
• 3.7          Market and technical challenges               55
• 3.8          Market drivers and trends            56

4              ADVANCED MATERIALS USED IN ANTI-MICROBIAL COATINGS       61

• 4.1          Metallic-based coatings 61
• 4.2          Polymer-based coatings 61
• 4.3          Antimicrobial nanomaterials       62
• 4.4          Organic nanoparticles    64
  • 4.4.1      Types and properties     65
• 4.5          Nanocoatings    67
  • 4.5.1      Properties of nanocoatings          67
  • 4.5.2      Benefits of using nanocoatings   68
    • 4.5.2.1   Types of nanocoatings   69
  • 4.5.3      Production and synthesis methods          69
    • 4.5.3.1   Depositing functional nanocomposite films          69
    • 4.5.3.2   Film coatings techniques analysis              70
    • 4.5.3.3   Superhydrophobic coatings on substrates             72
    • 4.5.3.4   Electrospray and electrospinning              73
    • 4.5.3.5   Chemical and electrochemical deposition              74
    • 4.5.3.6   Aerosol coating 77
    • 4.5.3.7   Layer-by-layer Self-assembly (LBL)            77
    • 4.5.3.8   Sol-gel process  79
    • 4.5.3.9   Etching 81
• 4.6          Nanosilver and silver-ion antimicrobial coatings and additives      82
  • 4.6.1      Properties           82
    • 4.6.1.1   Antiviral properties of AgNPs      83
  • 4.6.2      Mode of action  85
  • 4.6.3      Environmental and safety considerations              87
  • 4.6.4      SWOT analysis   88
  • 4.6.5      Products and applications             88
    • 4.6.5.1   Silver nanocoatings         88
    • 4.6.5.2   Antimicrobial silver paints            89
  • 4.6.6      Markets               89
    • 4.6.6.1   Textiles 90
    • 4.6.6.2   Wound dressings and medical    90
    • 4.6.6.3   Consumer products        90
    • 4.6.6.4   Air filtration        91
  • 4.6.7      Companies         91
• 4.7          Photocatalytic coatings (Titanium Dioxide)           93
  • 4.7.1      Development of photocatalytic coatings 94
    • 4.7.1.1   Market drivers and trends            94
  • 4.7.2      Mode of action  96
  • 4.7.3      Glass coatings    97
  • 4.7.4      Interior coatings               98
  • 4.7.5      Improving indoor air quality        98
  • 4.7.6      Disinfecting paints & coatings     99
  • 4.7.7      Applications       100
    • 4.7.7.1   Coatings               101
    • 4.7.7.2   Non-coatings applications            107
  • 4.7.8      Other metal based photocatalysts            109
    • 4.7.8.1   ZNO       109
    • 4.7.8.2   Bi-based photocatalysts 109
    • 4.7.8.3   Binary or Ternary sulfides             109
    • 4.7.8.4   Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)          110
    • 4.7.8.5   WO3      111
  • 4.7.9      Metal free phototcatalysts          111
    • 4.7.9.1   Carbon nitride g-C3N4    112
    • 4.7.9.2   Silica carbide (SiC)            113
    • 4.7.9.3   Graphene oxide 113
    • 4.7.9.4   Transition-metal dichalcogenide MoS2   113
    • 4.7.9.5   Germanene       113
    • 4.7.9.6   Graphdiyne        115
    • 4.7.9.7   Bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl)        116
    • 4.7.9.8   Black phosphorus            117
• 4.8          Zinc oxide coatings and additives              118
  • 4.8.1      Properties           118
  • 4.8.2      Mode of action  119
  • 4.8.3      Application in antimicrobial coatings       119
• 4.9          Quaternary ammonium silane    122
  • 4.9.1      Mode of action  122
  • 4.9.2      Application in antimicrobial coatings       122
  • 4.9.3      Companies         122
• 4.10        Bio-based antimicrobial coatings               124
  • 4.10.1    Chitosan              124
    • 4.10.1.1                Properties           124
    • 4.10.1.2                Application in antimicrobial coatings       125
  • 4.10.2    Antimicrobial peptide (AMP) coatings     127
    • 4.10.2.1                Properties           127
    • 4.10.2.2                Mode of action  127
    • 4.10.2.3                Application in antimicrobial coatings       127
  • 4.10.3    Nanocellulose (Nanocrystalline, Nanofibrillated, and Bacterial Cellulose) 130
    • 4.10.3.1                Properties           130
    • 4.10.3.2                Application in anti-microbial and anti-viral nanocoatings 131
  • 4.10.4    Adaptive biomaterials    132
    • 4.10.4.1                Properties           132
    • 4.10.4.2                Application in antimicrobial coatings       132
• 4.11        Copper antimicrobial coatings and additives        133
  • 4.11.1    Properties           133
  • 4.11.2    Mode of action  134
  • 4.11.3    SWOT analysis   135
  • 4.11.4    Application in antimicrobial coatings       136
  • 4.11.5    Companies         136
• 4.12        Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)        137
  • 4.12.1    Properties           137
  • 4.12.2    Mode of action  137
• 4.13        Hydrogels            140
  • 4.13.1    Properties           140
  • 4.13.2    Application in antimicrobial coatings       140
• 4.14        Antibacterial liquid metals           142
  • 4.14.1    Properties           142
• 4.15        Two-dimensional (2D) materials 143
  • 4.15.1    Black phosphorus (BP)   143
  • 4.15.2    Layered double hydroxides (LDHs)           143
  • 4.15.3    Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs)              144
  • 4.15.4    Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)             145
  • 4.15.5    MXENE 145
• 4.16        Hydrophobic and hydrophilic coatings and surfaces          147
  • 4.16.1    Hydrophilic coatings       147
  • 4.16.2    Hydrophobic coatings     147
    • 4.16.2.1                Properties           148
    • 4.16.2.2                Application in facemasks              148
• 4.17        Superhydrophobic coatings and surfaces               149
  • 4.17.1    Properties           149
    • 4.17.1.1                Anti-microbial use           150
    • 4.17.1.2                Durability issues               151
    • 4.17.1.3                Nanocellulose   151
• 4.18        Oleophobic and omniphobic coatings and surfaces           152
  • 4.18.1    SLIPS     152
  • 4.18.2    Covalent bonding             153
  • 4.18.3    Step-growth graft polymerization             153
  • 4.18.4    Applications       153
• 4.19        Other advanced antimicrobial materials and additives in coatings               155
  • 4.19.1    Graphene           155
    • 4.19.1.1                Properties           155
    • 4.19.1.2                Graphene oxide 157
    • 4.19.1.3                Anti-bacterial activity      157
    • 4.19.1.4                Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) 158
    • 4.19.1.5                Application in antimicrobial coatings       159
    • 4.19.1.6                Companies         159
  • 4.19.2    Silicon dioxide/silica nanoparticles (Nano-SiO2)  161
    • 4.19.2.1                Properties           161
    • 4.19.2.2                Application in antimicrobial coatings       162
  • 4.19.3    Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB)  163
    • 4.19.3.1                Properties           163
    • 4.19.3.2                Application in antimicrobial coatings       163
  • 4.19.4    Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)           163
    • 4.19.4.1                Properties           163
    • 4.19.4.2                Application in antimicrobial coatings       163
  • 4.19.5    Fullerenes           164
    • 4.19.5.1                Properties           164
    • 4.19.5.2                Application in antimicrobial coatings       165
  • 4.19.6    Cerium oxide nanoparticles         166
    • 4.19.6.1                Properties           166
  • 4.19.7    Iron oxide nanoparticles               167
    • 4.19.7.1                Properties           167
  • 4.19.8    Nitric oxide (NO) nanoparticles  168
    • 4.19.8.1                Properties           168
    • 4.19.8.2                Application in anti-microbial and anti-viral coatings           168
  • 4.19.9    Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles  169
    • 4.19.9.1                Properties           169
    • 4.19.9.2                Application in anti-microbial and anti-viral coatings           169
  • 4.19.10  Magnesium oxide nanoparticles 170
    • 4.19.10.1              Properties           170
  • 4.19.11  Piezoelectrics    170

5              ENVIRONMENTAL AND REGULATORY      172

6              MARKETS FOR ADVANCED ANTIMICROBIAL COATINGS AND SURFACES    174

• 6.1          HOUSEHOLD AND INDOOR SURFACES     174
  • 6.1.1      Market drivers and trends            174
  • 6.1.2      Applications       174
    • 6.1.2.1   Self-cleaning and easy-to-clean 174
    • 6.1.2.2   Indoor pollutants and air quality                174
  • 6.1.3      Global market size           176
• 6.2          MEDICAL & HEALTHCARE SETTINGS         178
  • 6.2.1      Market drivers and trends            178
  • 6.2.2      Applications       179
    • 6.2.2.1   Medical surfaces and Hospital Acquired Infections (HAI) 180
    • 6.2.2.2   Wound dressings             181
    • 6.2.2.3   Medical equipment and instruments       181
    • 6.2.2.4   Fabric supplies scrubs, linens, masks (medical textiles)    182
    • 6.2.2.5   Medical implants              182
  • 6.2.3      Global market size           184
• 6.3          CLOTHING AND TEXTILES              186
  • 6.3.1      Market drivers and trends            186
  • 6.3.2      Applications       186
    • 6.3.2.1   Antimicrobial clothing    187
  • 6.3.3      Global market size           192
• 6.4          FOOD & BEVERAGE PRODUCTION AND PACKAGING         195
  • 6.4.1      Market drivers and trends            195
  • 6.4.2      Applications       196
    • 6.4.2.1   Antimicrobial coatings in food processing equipment, conveyor belts and preparation surfaces    196
    • 6.4.2.2   Antimicrobial coatings and films in food packaging            197
  • 6.4.3      Global market size           198
• 6.5          OTHER MARKETS              200
  • 6.5.1      Automotive and transportation interiors                200
  • 6.5.2      Water and air filtration  202

7              ADVANCED ANTIMICROBIAL COATINGS AND TECHNOLOGIES COMPANIES             205 (219 company profiles)

8              REFERENCES       365

LIST OF TABLES

• Table 1: Categorization of nanomaterials.              28
• Table 2: Properties of nanocoatings.        34
• Table 3. Summary for bionic self-cleaning nanocoatings. 36
• Table 4. Market summary for photocatalytic self-cleaning coatings.           38
• Table 5. Summary of anti-fouling and easy-to-clean coatings.       40
• Table 6. Anti-viral nanomaterials that inactivate different types of viruses, in preclinical assays in vitro.     43
• Table 7. Applications of nanomaterials used in Advanced Bactericidal & Viricidal Coatings and Surfaces.   44
• Table 8. Main market players by antimicrobial technology area.  50
• Table 9. End user markets for antimicrobial coatings.       51
• Table 10. Total global revenues for antimicrobial coatings, 2018-2033, millions USD.         52
• Table 11. Total global revenues for antimicrobial coatings, 2018-2033, millions USD, conservative estimate, by coatings type.     54
• Table 12. Market and technical challenges for antimicrobial coatings.       55
• Table 13. Market drivers and trends in    56
• Table 14: Nanomaterials used in nanocoatings and applications. 62
• Table 15. Types of organic nanoparticles and application in antimicrobials.             65
• Table 16: Technology for synthesizing nanocoatings agents.         69
• Table 17: Film coatings techniques.         70
• Table 18. Antibacterial properties of AgNPs.        82
• Table 19. Antiviral properties of AgNPs. 84
• Table 20. SWOT analysis for application of nanosilver and silver-ion antimicrobial coatings.            88
• Table 21. Markets and applications for nanosilver-based Advanced Bactericidal & Viricidal Coatings and Surfaces. 89
• Table 22. Companies developing antimicrobial silver nanocoatings.           91
• Table 23. Photocatalytic coatings- principles, properties and applications.               93
• Table 24. Development of photocatalytic coatings, by generation.             94
• Table 25. Photocatalysts used in building materials to reduce pollution.   104
• Table 26. Properties and applications of functionalized germanene.          115
• Table 27. Antibacterial effects of ZnO NPs in different bacterial species.  120
• Table 28. Companies developing antimicrobial Silane Quaternary Ammonium Compounds.           122
• Table 29. Mechanism of chitosan antimicrobial action.    125
• Table 30. Types of antibacterial AMP coatings.    128
• Table 31. AMP contact-killing surfaces.   128
• Table 32. Types of adaptive biomaterials in antimicrobial coatings.            132
• Table 33. Antibacterial applications of Cu and CuO-based nanoparticles. 133
• Table 34. SWOT analysis for application of copper antimicrobial coatings.               135
• Table 35. Companies developing antimicrobial copper coatings.  136
• Table 36. Antibacterial applications of Au-based nanoparticles.   137
• Table 37. Types of antibacterial hydrogels.           140
• Table 38: Contact angles of hydrophilic, super hydrophilic, hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces. 148
• Table 39: Disadvantages of commonly utilized superhydrophobic coating methods.           150
• Table 40: Applications of oleophobic & omniphobic coatings.       153
• Table 41. Types of carbon-based nanoparticles as antimicrobial agent, their mechanisms of action and characteristics.                155
• Table 42. Graphene properties relevant to application in coatings.             156
• Table 43. Bactericidal characters of graphene-based materials.   158
• Table 44. Markets and applications for antimicrobial and antiviral graphene coatings.       159
• Table 45. Commercial activity in antimicrobial and antiviral graphene nanocoatings.         159
• Table 46. Types of carbon-based nanoparticles as antimicrobial agent, their mechanisms of action and characteristics.                165
• Table 47. Global antimicrobial technology regulations.    172
• Table 48: Market drivers and trends for antimicrobial coatings in household and indoor surface market.  174
• Table 49. Global market for antimicrobial coatings in household and indoor surfaces 2018-2033, by revenues and types (millions USD).      176
• Table 50: Market drivers and trends for antimicrobial coatings in medicine and healthcare.            178
• Table 51: Nanocoatings applied in the medical industry-type of coating, nanomaterials utilized, benefits and applications.       180
• Table 52. Types of advanced antimicrobial medical device coatings.           182
• Table 53. Types of advanced coatings applied in medical implants.             183
• Table 54. Nanomaterials utilized in medical implants.      183
• Table 55. Global market for antimicrobial coatings in medical and healthcare settings to 2033, by revenues and types (millions USD).  185
• Table 56: Market drivers and trends for antimicrobial coatings in the textiles and apparel industry.             186
• Table 57. Applications in textiles, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof.           188
• Table 58. Advanced coatings applied in the textiles industry-type of coating, nanomaterials utilized, benefits and applications.       189
• Table 59. Global market for antimicrobial coatings in clothing and textiles 2018-2033, by revenues and types (millions USD).    193
• Table 60. Market drivers and trends for antimicrobial coatings in the packaging market.  195
• Table 61. Global market for antimicrobial coatings in food and beverage production & packaging to 2033, by revenues and types (millions USD).              198
• Table 62. Advanced coatings applied in the automotive industry. 200
• Table 63. Applications in air and water filters, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof.  203
• Table 64. Photocatalytic coating schematic.          251

LIST OF FIGURES

• Figure 1. Self-cleaning superhydrophobic coating schematic.        38
• Figure 2. Principle of superhydrophilicity.              39
• Figure 3. Schematic of photocatalytic air purifying pavement.      40
• Figure 4. Schematic of anti-viral coating using nano-actives for inactivation of any adhered virus on the surfaces. 43
• Figure 5. Schematic of anti-viral coating using nano-actives for inactivation of any adhered virus on the surfaces. 47
• Figure 6. Face masks coated with antibacterial & antiviral nanocoating.   49
• Figure 7. Global revenues for antimicrobial coatings, 2018-2033, millions USD, conservative estimate.      53
• Figure 8. Total global revenues for Advanced Bactericidal & Viricidal Coatings, 2018-2033, millions USD, conservative estimate, by coatings type.          55
• Figure 9: Hydrophobic fluoropolymer nanocoatings on electronic circuit boards. 67
• Figure 10: Nanocoatings synthesis techniques.   70
• Figure 11: Techniques for constructing superhydrophobic coatings on substrates.              72
• Figure 12: Electrospray deposition.          74
• Figure 13. CVD technique.            75
• Figure 14. Schematic of ALD.       77
• Figure 15. A substrate undergoing layer-by-layer (LbL) nanocoating.         78
• Figure 16. SEM images of different layers of TiO2 nanoparticles in steel surface.  78
• Figure 17. The coating system is applied to the surface. The solvent evaporates. 80
• Figure 18. A first organization takes place where the silicon-containing bonding component (blue dots in figure 2) bonds covalently with the surface and cross-links with neighbouring molecules to form a strong three-dimensional.                80
• Figure 19. During the curing, the compounds organise themselves in a nanoscale monolayer. The fluorine-containing repellent component (red dots in figure) on top makes the glass hydro- phobic and oleophobic.  80
• Figure 20. Antiviral mechanism of silver nanoparticles.    84
• Figure 21. Antibacterial modes of action of, and bacterial resistance towards silver.           86
• Figure 22.  Antibacterial activities of silver nanoparticles.               87
• Figure 23. Titanium dioxide-coated glass (left) and ordinary glass (right). 95
• Figure 24. Schematic of photocatalytic indoor air purification filter.           96
• Figure 25. Schematic indoor air filtration.              99
• Figure 26. Mechanism of photocatalysis on a surface treated with TiO2 nanoparticles.      99
• Figure 27. Schematic showing the self-cleaning phenomena on superhydrophilic surface. 100
• Figure 28. Schematic of photocatalytic air purifying pavement.   102
• Figure 29. Self-Cleaning mechanism utilizing photooxidation.       103
• Figure 30. Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) air filter.            105
• Figure 31. Mechanism of photocatalysis on a semiconductor particle surface for microbial treatment.       106
• Figure 32. Schematic of photocatalytic water purification.              108
• Figure 33. Schematic showing photocatalysis and photothermal catalysis promoted by MOFs.       110
• Figure 34. MOF derived nanocomposites for photocatalytic applications. 111
• Figure 35. Graphitic carbon nitride.          112
• Figure 36. Schematic of germanene.       114
• Figure 37. Graphdiyne structure.              116
• Figure 38. Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulfide.            116
• Figure 39. Schematic of antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs.               119
• Figure 40. TEM images of Burkholderia seminalis treated with (a, c) buffer (control) and (b, d) 2.0 mg/mL chitosan; (A: additional layer; B: membrane damage).               125
• Figure 41. Antimicrobial peptides mode of action.             127
• Figure 42: Types of nanocellulose.            130
• Figure 43. Antibacterial modes of action of, and bacterial resistance towards copper.       135
• Figure 44. Antibacterial mechanisms and effects of functionalized gold nanoparticles.       139
• Figure 45. Applications of antibacterial hydrogels              140
• Figure 46: Structure of 2D molybdenum disulfide.             144
• Figure 47: Graphitic carbon nitride.          145
• Figure 48: (a) Water drops on a lotus leaf.             147
• Figure 49: A schematic of (a) water droplet on normal hydrophobic surface with contact angle greater than 90° and (b) water droplet on a superhydrophobic surface with a contact angle > 150°.              148
• Figure 50: Contact angle on superhydrophobic coated surface.   150
• Figure 51: Self-cleaning nanocellulose dishware. 151
• Figure 52: SLIPS repellent coatings.          152
• Figure 53: Omniphobic coatings.                154
• Figure 54. Antimicrobial activity of Graphene oxide (GO).              157
• Figure 55. Hydrophobic easy-to-clean coating.    162
• Figure 56. Mechanism of antimicrobial activity of carbon nanotubes.       164
• Figure 57. Fullerene schematic. 164
• Figure 58. Schematic representation of the antibacterial mechanism of cerium-based materials.  166
• Figure 59. Piezoelectric antimicrobial mechanism.             171
• Figure 60. Global market for antimicrobial coatings in household and indoor surfaces 2018-2033, by revenues and types (millions USD).      177
• Figure 61. Nano-coated self-cleaning touchscreen.           180
• Figure 62. Anti-bacertial sol-gel nanoparticle silver coating.           181
• Figure 63. Global market for antimicrobial coatings in medical and healthcare settings to 2033, by revenues and types (millions USD).  185
• Figure 64. Omniphobic-coated fabric.     187
• Figure 65. Global market for antimicrobial coatings in clothing and textiles 2018-2033, by revenues and types (millions USD).    194
• Figure 66. Steps during food processing and where contamination might occur from various sources.        197
• Figure 67.  Oso fresh food packaging incorporating antimicrobial silver.   198
• Figure 68. Global market for antimicrobial coatings in food and beverage production & packaging to 2033, by revenues and types (millions USD).              199
• Figure 69. CuanSave film.             241
• Figure 70. Lab tests on DSP coatings.       248
• Figure 71. Laser-functionalized glass.      257
• Figure 72. GrapheneCA anti-bacterial and anti-viral coating.          262
• Figure 73. NOx reduction with TioCem®. 268
• Figure 74. Microlyte® Matrix bandage for surgical wounds.           271
• Figure 75. Self-cleaning nanocoating applied to face masks.          275
• Figure 76. NanoSeptic surfaces. 309
• Figure 77. Nasc NanoTechnology personnel shown applying MEDICOAT to airport luggage carts.  316
• Figure 78. Heavy bacterial recovery from untreated fiber (left) versus Ultra-Fresh antimicrobial treated fiber (right) after testing using the ISO 20743 test method (Staphylococcus aureus test organism).      350
• Figure 79. V-CAT® photocatalyst mechanism.      356
• Figure 80. Applications of Titanystar.       361