The Nanocellulose Investment and Pricing Guide 2018

Nanocellulose is a novel biomaterial with multiple industrial uses for replacing fossil derived raw materials. The market mainly consists of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) production at present as alternatives to resins, synthetic thickeners, strengtheners, and plastics. Cellulose nanofiber products have already hit the market, especially in Japan, and are viewed as advanced materials solutions packaging and composites sectors.

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are a promising future investment opportunity. Most companies are focusing on high volume production for composites, packaging and paper industries. However, many opportunities exist in electronics, 3D printing, textiles and medicine.

Current production capacity far exceeds the market demand at present, but this is likely to change as prices drop in the next few years, and there is less distance to fall than with other nanomaterials as cellulose nanofibers are broadly cost competitive (<$50/kg). Producers have already begun to produce additives that are competitive with conventional polymer composites (e.g. carbon fibers).

This 228 page report examines:

Advantages and shortcomings of nanocellulose as a technology component.
Pricing landscape for nanocellulose, by types and producers.
Production volumes by nanocellulose producer.
Provides a map of the current competitive landscape by market.
Market impediments for nanocellulose by target market.
Profiles all the major players in nanocellulose production.
Profiles all the major application developers including current and intended products.

Published April 2018 | 228 pages, 103 tables, 49 figures | Table of contents

The Nanocellulose Investment and Pricing Guide 2018

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The Nanocellulose Investment and Pricing Guide 2018

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From series: Investment guides

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………………………………………………… 17

1.1 Investment analysis………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 19
1.2 Market impediment analysis…………………………………………………………………………………………… 21

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY…………………………………………………………. 24

2.1 Main markets and applications……………………………………………………………………………………….. 25
2.2 Main opportunities in nanocellulose……………………………………………………………………………….. 28
2.3 Production in 2017…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 31
2.4 The market for nanocellulose in 2017…………………………………………………………………………….. 34
2.5 Nanocellulose market by region……………………………………………………………………………………… 39
2.6 The market for nanocellulose in 2018…………………………………………………………………………….. 43
2.7 Japan market leads the way…………………………………………………………………………………………… 44

3 TYPES OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE NANOCELULOSE……. 45

3.1 Microfibrillated cellulose…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 48
3.2 NanoFibrillar Cellulose (NFC/CFC)………………………………………………………………………………… 49
- 3.2.1 Nanofibrillated cellulose production methods…………………………………………………………. 49
- 3.2.2 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 49
3.3 NanoCrystalline Cellulose (NCC/CNC)…………………………………………………………………………… 52
- 3.3.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 53
- 3.3.2 Nanocrystalline cellulose production methods……………………………………………………….. 54
3.4 Bacterial Cellulose (BCC)………………………………………………………………………………………………. 55
- 3.4.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 55

4 NANOCELLULOSE MARKET STRUCTURE AND ROUTES TO COMMERCIALIZATION………………………………………………………………. 56

5 COMMERCIAL OPPORTUNITES IN NANOCELLULOSE…………… 60

5.1 Volume of industry demand for nanocellulose by nanocellulose producer sales……………. 60
5.2 Current end users for nanocellulose, by market and company………………………………………. 61

6 NANOCELLULOSE PRODUCERS AND PRODUCTION CAPACITIES, CURRENT AND PLANNED…………………………………………………………. 64

6.1 Cellulose nanofiber production……………………………………………………………………………………….. 64
6.2 Cellulose nanocrystal production……………………………………………………………………………………. 65

7 NANOCELLULOSE PRICING………………………………………………….. 66

7.1 Cellulose nanofiber Gel/ Cellulose nanofiber Slurry/MFC pricing…………………………………… 66
7.2 NCC pricing……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 68
7.3 Bulk supply…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 68
7.4 Commoditisation…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 69

8 COMMERCIAL OPPORTUNITES IN NANOCELLULOSE…………… 70

8.1 Short-term growth…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 70
8.2 Medium-term growth………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 71
8.3 Opportunities in printed and flexible electronics……………………………………………………………… 71
8.4 COMPOSITES……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 74
- 8.4.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 74
- 8.4.2 Current and planned commercial activity……………………………………………………………….. 76
- 8.4.3 Nanocellulose market opportunity………………………………………………………………………….. 78
- 8.4.4 Market impediments……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 81
8.5 BIOPACKAGING……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 82
- 8.5.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 82
- 8.5.2 Current and planned commercial activity……………………………………………………………….. 83
- 8.5.3 Nanocellulose market opportunity………………………………………………………………………….. 84
- 8.5.4 Market impediments……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 88
8.6 PAPER & BOARD………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 89
- 8.6.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 90
- 8.6.2 Current and planned commercial activity……………………………………………………………….. 92
- 8.6.3 Nanocellulose market opportunity………………………………………………………………………….. 93
- 8.6.4 Market impediments……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 95
8.7 AEROSPACE AND AVIATION……………………………………………………………………………………….. 96
- 8.7.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 96
- 8.7.2 Current and planned commercial activity……………………………………………………………….. 98
- 8.7.3 Nanocellulose market opportunity………………………………………………………………………….. 98
- 8.7.4 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 100
8.8 AUTOMOTIVE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 101
- 8.8.1 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 101
- 8.8.2 Current and planned commercial activity……………………………………………………………… 103
- 8.8.3 Nanocellulose market opportunity………………………………………………………………………… 104
- 8.8.4 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 109
8.9 CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING………………………………………………………………………………. 110
- 8.9.1 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 110
- 8.9.2 Current and planned commercial activity……………………………………………………………… 110
- 8.9.3 Nanocellulose market opportunity………………………………………………………………………… 114
- 8.9.4 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 116
8.10 TEXTILES AND CLOTHING…………………………………………………………………………………….. 117
- 8.10.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 117
- 8.10.2 Current and planned commercial activity…………………………………………………………. 118
- 8.10.3 Nanocellulose market opportunity……………………………………………………………………. 118
- 8.10.4 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………. 120
8.11 MEDICAL & HEALTHCARE…………………………………………………………………………………….. 121
- 8.11.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 121
- 8.11.2 Current and planned commercial activity…………………………………………………………. 123
- 8.11.3 Nanocellulose market opportunity……………………………………………………………………. 125
- 8.11.4 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………. 127
8.12 COATINGS AND PAINTS………………………………………………………………………………………… 127
- 8.12.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 128
- 8.12.2 Current and planned commercial activity…………………………………………………………. 130
- 8.12.3 Nanocellulose market opportunity……………………………………………………………………. 131
- 8.12.4 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………. 135
8.13 AEROGELS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 137
- 8.13.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 137
- 8.13.2 Current and planned commercial activity…………………………………………………………. 139
- 8.13.3 Nanocellulose market opportunity……………………………………………………………………. 139
- 8.13.4 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………. 141
8.14 OIL AND GAS EXPLORATION………………………………………………………………………………… 141
- 8.14.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 141
- 8.14.2 Current and planned commercial activity…………………………………………………………. 143
- 8.14.3 Nanocellulose market opportunity……………………………………………………………………. 143
- 8.14.4 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………. 147
8.15 FILTRATION AND SEPARATION……………………………………………………………………………. 147
- 8.15.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 147
- 8.15.2 Current and planned commercial activity…………………………………………………………. 151
- 8.15.3 Nanocellulose market opportunity……………………………………………………………………. 152
- 8.15.4 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………. 155
8.16 RHEOLOGY MODIFIERS………………………………………………………………………………………… 156
- 8.16.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 156
- 8.16.2 Current and planned commercial activity…………………………………………………………. 158
- 8.16.3 Nanocellulose market opportunity……………………………………………………………………. 158
- 8.16.4 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………. 158
8.17 PRINTABLE, STRETCHABLE AND FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS…………………………….. 159
- 8.17.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 159
- 8.17.2 Current and planned commercial activity…………………………………………………………. 163
- 8.17.3 Nanocellulose market opportunity……………………………………………………………………. 163
- 8.17.4 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………. 168
8.18 3D PRINTING…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 169
- 8.18.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 169
- 8.18.2 Current and planned commercial activity…………………………………………………………. 170
- 8.18.3 Nanocellulose market opportunity……………………………………………………………………. 171
- 8.18.4 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………. 172
8.19 OTHER MARKETS……………………………………………………………….. 173
- 8.19.1 Rubber and tire additives……………………………………………………………………………………… 173
- 8.19.2 Colourants……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 173

10 NANOCELLULOSE PRODUCERS…………………………………………. 175

10.1 Producers and types of nanocellulose produced (NCF, NCC, BCC)………………………… 175
10.2 Target markets for producers…………………………………………………………………………………… 176
10.3 Nanocellulose producer production capacities, prices and target markets………………. 178
10.3.1 American Process, Inc…………………………………………………………………………………….. 178
10.3.2 Ashai Kasei Chemicals Corporation…………………………………………………………………. 180
10.3.3 Blue Goose Biorefineries, Inc…………………………………………………………………………… 183
10.3.4 Borregaard Chemcell……………………………………………………………………………………….. 184
10.3.5 Cellucomp Ltd………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 186
10.3.6 Celluforce, Inc………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 187
10.3.7 Chuetsu Pulp & Paper Co., Ltd………………………………………………………………………… 189
10.3.8 Daicel Corporation…………………………………………………………………………………………… 190
10.3.9 Daio Paper Corporation……………………………………………………………………………………. 191
10.3.10 DIC Products, Inc…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 193
10.3.11 DKS Co. Ltd…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 194
10.3.12 Hattori Shoten Co., Ltd…………………………………………………………………………………….. 196
10.3.13 Imerys………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 196
10.3.14 Innventia AB…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 197
10.3.15 Kruger Biomaterials, Inc…………………………………………………………………………………… 198
10.3.16 Melodea/Holmen……………………………………………………………………………………………… 199
10.3.17 Nippon Paper Group, Inc…………………………………………………………………………………. 200
10.3.18 Oji Paper Company Ltd……………………………………………………………………………………. 204
10.3.19 Paperlogic………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 208
10.3.20 Performance BioFilaments Inc…………………………………………………………………………. 209
10.3.21 Renmatrix, Inc………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 210
10.3.22 Seiko PMC Corporation……………………………………………………………………………………. 210
10.3.23 Stora Enso Ltd…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 211
10.3.24 Sugino Machine Limited…………………………………………………………………………………… 213
10.3.25 University of Maine…………………………………………………………………………………………… 214
10.3.26 UPM-Kymmene……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 215
10.3.27 US Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory……………………………………………….. 216
10.3.28 VTT Technical Research Centre……………………………………………………………………… 218
10.3.29 Zelfo Technology GmbH………………………………………………………………………………….. 221

11 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………….. 223

TABLES

Table 1: Markets and applications for nanocellulose………………………………………………………………….. 25
Table 2: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose, by application………………………………… 28
Table 3: Nanocellulose production plants worldwide and production status……………………………….. 32
Table 4: Current and planned production capacities, by major suppliers, pilot/pre-commercial and commercial volumes……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 33
Table 5: Nanocellulose products in Japan………………………………………………………………………………….. 35
Table 6: SWOT analysis of nanocellulose………………………………………………………………………………….. 41
Table 7: Properties and applications of nanocellulose………………………………………………………………… 47
Table 8: Nanofibrillated cellulose production methods……………………………………………………………….. 49
Table 9: Applications of nanofibrillar cellulose (NFC)………………………………………………………………….. 50
Table 10: Production methods of NFC producers………………………………………………………………………. 51
Table 11: Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC)………………………………………………………….. 54
Table 12: Cellulose nanocrystals (NCC) production methods…………………………………………………….. 54
Table 13: Applications of bacterial cellulose (BC)……………………………………………………………………….. 55
Table 14: Nanocellulose market structure…………………………………………………………………………………… 56
Table 15: Current and potential end users for nanocellulose, by market and company……………… 61
Table 16: Production capacities of CNF producers per annum in tons, current and planned……… 64
Table 17: Production capacities of CNC producers per annum in tons, current and planned…….. 65
Table 18: Cellulose nanofiber producers, prices/kg and main target markets…………………………….. 66
Table 19: NCC producers, prices/kg and main target markets……………………………………………………. 68
Table 20: Properties of flexible electronics cellulose nanofiber films………………………………………….. 73
Table 21: Equivalent cost of nanocellulose and competitive materials in polymer composites…… 75
Table 22: Applications of nanocellulose in polymer composites by cellulose type……………………… 75
Table 23: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the polymer composites market……………………… 76
Table 24: Companies developing nanocellulose products in paper and board, applications targeted and stage of commercialization…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 76
Table 25: Market assessment for nanocellulose in composites………………………………………………….. 78
Table 26: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in composites……………………………….. 78
Table 27: Application markets, competing materials, nanocellulose advantages and current market size in composites………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 79
Table 28: Demand for nanocellulose in the composites market, 2015-2027 (tons)…………………….. 81
Table 29: Market impediments for nanocellulose in composites…………………………………………………. 81
Table 30: Companies developing nanocellulose products in bio packaging, applications targeted and stage of commercialization…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 83
Table 31: Market assessment for nanocellulose in biopackaging……………………………………………….. 84
Table 32: Application markets, competing materials, nanocellulose advantages and current market size in packaging………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 85
Table 33: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in biopackaging…………………………….. 87
Table 34:Demand for nanocellulose in the biopackaging market, 2015-2027 (tons)…………………… 88
Table 35: Market impediments for nanocellulose in the biopackaging market……………………………. 89
Table 36: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the paper and board markets………………………….. 90
Table 37: Nanocellulose in construction-Companies and products…………………………………………….. 92
Table 38: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in paper and board……………………….. 93
Table 39: Demand for nanocellulose in the paper and board market, 2015-2027 (tons)…………….. 94
Table 40: Market impediments for nanocellulose in the paper and board market……………………….. 95
Table 41: Applications in aerospace composites………………………………………………………………………… 96
Table 42: Market size for nanocellulose in aerospace and aviation……………………………………………. 99
Table 43: Demand for nanocellulose in the aerospace and aviation market, 2015-2027 (tons).. 100
Table 44: Market impediments for nanocellulose in the aerospace market………………………………. 101
Table 45: Companies developing Nanocellulose products in the automotive industry, applications targeted and stage of commercialization…………………………………………………………………………….. 103
Table 46: Application markets, competing materials, Nanocellulose advantages and current market size in the automotive sector………………………………………………………………………………………………. 105
Table 47: Market assessment for nanocellulose in the automotive sector………………………………… 106
Table 48: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in the automotive industry…………… 106
Table 49: Market size for nanocellulose in the automotive industry………………………………………….. 107
Table 50: Demand for nanocellulose in the automotive market, 2015-2027 (tons)…………………… 108
Table 51: Applications and commercialization challenges in the automotive market………………… 109
Table 52: Market impediments for nanocellulose in the automotive market……………………………… 109
Table 53: Comparison of nanocellulose with steel and other materials…………………………………….. 110
Table 54: Nanocellulose in construction-Companies and products…………………………………………… 110
Table 55: Market size for nanocellulose in construction and civil engineering………………………….. 115
Table 56: Demand for nanocellulose in the construction and building market, 2015-2027 (tons). 116
Table 57: Market impediments in the construction, building protection and architectural exterior coatings market………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 117
Table 58: Companies developing nanocellulose products in textiles, applications targeted and stage of commercialization…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 118
Table 59: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in textiles and clothing………………… 118
Table 60: Potential volume estimates (tons) and penetration of nanocellulose into textiles and clothing……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 119
Table 61: Market assessment for nanocellulose in textiles and clothing…………………………………… 119
Table 62: Market impediments for nanocellulose in the textiles and clothing market………………… 120
Table 63: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the medical and healthcare markets…………….. 121
Table 64: Nanocellulose product developers in medical and healthcare applications………………. 123
Table 65: Applications of nanocellulose in medical and healthcare………………………………………….. 126
Table 66: Demand for nanocellulose in the medical and healthcare market, 2015-2027 (tons).. 126
Table 67: Market impediments for nanocellulose in the medical and healthcare market………….. 127
Table 68: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the coatings and paints markets…………………… 128
Table 69: Companies developing nanocellulose products in coatings and paints, applications targeted and stage of commercialization…………………………………………………………………………….. 130
Table 70: Market assessment for nanocellulose in coatings and paints……………………………………. 132
Table 71: Application markets, competing materials, nanocellulose advantages and current market size in coatings and films……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 133
Table 72: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in coatings and films…………………… 134
Table 73: Demand for nanocellulose in the paint and coatings market, 2015-2027 (tons)……….. 135
Table 74: Market impediments for nanocellulose in the coatings and films market…………………… 137
Table 75: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the aerogels market……………………………………… 137
Table 76: Nanocellulose product developers in aerogels………………………………………………………….. 139
Table 77: Demand for nanocellulose in the aerogels market, 2015-2027 (tons)………………………. 140
Table 78: Market impediments for nanocellulose in the aerogels market…………………………………. 141
Table 79: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the oil market………………………………………………… 141
Table 80: Nanocellulose product developers in oil and gas exploration……………………………………. 143
Table 81: Application markets, competing materials, nanocellulose advantages and current market size in oil and gas……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 144
Table 82: Market assessment for nanocellulose in oil and gas…………………………………………………. 144
Table 83: Nanocellulose in the oil and gas market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact………………………………………………………………………………………………… 145
Table 84: Demand for nanocellulose in the oil and gas exploration market, 2015-2017 (tons)…. 146
Table 85: Market impediments for nanocellulose in the oil and gas exploration market……………. 147
Table 86: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the filtration market……………………………………….. 147
Table 87: Companies developing NFC products in filtration, applications targeted and stage of commercialization……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 151
Table 88: Application markets, competing materials, nanocellulose advantages and current market size in filtration……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 152
Table 89: Market assessment for nanocellulose in filtration……………………………………………………… 153
Table 90: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in the filtration industry……………….. 154
Table 91: Demand for nanocellulose in the filtration market, 2015-2027 (tons)………………………… 155
Table 92: Market impediments for nanocellulose in the filtration market…………………………………… 155
Table 93: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the rheology modifiers market………………………. 156
Table 94: Commercial activity in nanocellulose rheology modifiers………………………………………….. 158
Table 95: Market impediments for nanocellulose in the rheology modifiers market………………….. 158
Table 96: Nanocellulose applications timeline in flexible electronics………………………………………… 159
Table 97: Properties of flexible electronics cellulose nanofiber films………………………………………… 162
Table 98: Companies developing Nanocellulose products in flexible and stretchable electronics, applications targeted and stage of commercialization………………………………………………………… 163
Table 99: Global market for wearables, 2014-2021, units and US$………………………………………….. 164
Table 100: Application markets, competing materials, Nanocellulose advantages and current market size in electronics……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 166
Table 101: Market assessment for nanocellulose in the flexible and printed electronics sector.. 166
Table 102: Market opportunity assessment for Nanocellulose in flexible electronics………………… 167
Table 103: Market impediments for nanocellulose in the printed and flexible electronics market. 169
Table 104: Companies developing nanocellulose 3D printing products,…………………………………… 170
Table 105: Application markets, competing materials, nanocellulose advantages and current market size in 3D printing……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 171
Table 106: Market assessment for nanocellulose in 3D printing……………………………………………….. 171
Table 107: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in 3D printing…………………………….. 172
Table 108: Market impediments for nanocellulose in the 3D printing market……………………………. 173
Table 109: Nanocellulose producers and types of nanocellulose produced……………………………… 175
Table 110: Target market, by nanocellulose producer……………………………………………………………… 176

FIGURES

Figure 1: CNF wet powder………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 32
Figure 2: Running shoes incorporating cellulose nanofibers………………………………………………………. 34
Figure 3: Ballpoint pen incorporating cellulose nanofibers………………………………………………………….. 35
Figure 4: Onkyo speakers, incorporating CNF……………………………………………………………………………. 36
Figure 5: Daio Paper toilet wipes………………………………………………………………………………………………… 37
Figure 6: Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE)…………………………………….. 37
Figure 7: Nanocellulose market, by type, 2015–2027 (Tons)……………………………………………………… 38
Figure 8: Nanocellulose market by region, 2017………………………………………………………………………… 40
Figure 9: Nanocellulose market by region, 2027………………………………………………………………………… 41
Figure 10: Polycarbonate (left); Composite of Polycarboate and CNF……………………………………….. 43
Figure 11: Schematic diagram of partial molecular structure of cellulose chain with numbering for carbon atoms and n= number of cellobiose repeating unit……………………………………………………. 45
Figure 12: Scale of cellulose materials……………………………………………………………………………………….. 46
Figure 13: Schematic of typical commercialization route for nanocellulose producer…………………. 56
Figure 14: Volume of industry demand for nanocellulose by nanocellulose producer sales, 2016. 61
Figure 15: Nanocellulose photoluminescent paper…………………………………………………………………….. 72
Figure 16: Foldable nanopaper…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 73
Figure 17: Foldable nanopaper antenna…………………………………………………………………………………….. 74
Figure 18: Demand for nanocellulose in the composites market, 2015-2027 (tons)……………………. 80
Figure 19: Demand for nanocellulose in the biopackaging market, 2015-2027 (tons)………………… 88
Figure 20: Demand for nanocellulose in the paper and board market, 2015-2027 (tons)…………… 94
Figure 21: Demand for nanocellulose in the aerospace and aviation market, 2015-2027 (tons). 100
Figure 22: NFC composite………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 103
Figure 23: Demand for nanocellulose in the automotive market, 2015-2027 (tons)………………….. 108
Figure 24: Demand for nanocellulose in the construction and building market, 2015-2027 (tons). 116
Figure 25: Demand for nanocellulose in the medical and healthcare market, 2015-2027 (tons). 126
Figure 26: Global Paints and Coatings Market, share by end user market……………………………….. 131
Figure 27: Demand for nanocellulose in the paints and coatings market, 2015-2027 (tons)…….. 135
Figure 28: Demand for nanocellulose in the aerogels market, 2015-2027 (tons)……………………… 140
Figure 29: Nanocellulose sponge developed by EMPA for potential applications in oil recovery. 142
Figure 30: Demand for nanocellulose in the oil and gas exploration market, 2015-2017 (tons).. 146
Figure 31: Nanocellulose virus filter paper………………………………………………………………………………… 151
Figure 32: Demand for nanocellulose in the filtration market, 2015-2027 (tons)………………………. 154
Figure 33: Electronic components using NFC as insulating materials………………………………………. 160
Figure 34: Cellulose nanofiber films…………………………………………………………………………………………. 161
Figure 35: LEDs shining on circuitry imprinted on a 5x5cm sheet of CNF………………………………… 161
Figure 36: Paper memory (ReRAM)…………………………………………………………………………………………. 162
Figure 37: Global market revenues for smart wearable devices 2014-2021, in US$………………… 164
Figure 38: Global market revenues for nanotech-enabled smart wearable devices 2014-2021 in US$, conservative estimate………………………………………………………………………………………………… 165
Figure 39: Global market revenues for nanotech-enabled smart wearable devices 2014-2021 in US$, optimistic estimate……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 165
Figure 40: Jawbone 3D printed with cellulose ink…………………………………………………………………….. 170
Figure 41: Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet………………………………………………………………………………….. 180
Figure 42: Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric………………………………. 181
Figure 43: Nonwoven fabric made from CNF……………………………………………………………………………. 182
Figure 44: CNC produced at Tech Futures’ pilot plant; cloudy suspension (1 wt.%), gel-like (10 wt.%), flake-like crystals, and very fine powder. Product advantages include:……………………………. 187
Figure 45: Rheocrysta spray…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 194
Figure 46: Hydrophobization facilities for raw pulp……………………………………………………………………. 201
Figure 47: Mixing facilities for CNF-reinforced plastic……………………………………………………………….. 202
Figure 48: Nippon Paper Industries’ adult diapers……………………………………………………………………. 203
Figure 49: CNF transparent film……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 205
Figure 50: CNF wet powder……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 205
Figure 51: Flexible electronic substrate made from CNF………………………………………………………….. 218
Figure 52: Bio-based barrier bags prepared from Tempo-CNF coated bio-HDPE film……………… 220

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