The Global Market for Graphene and 2D Materials to 2033

Published February 2023 | 757 pages, 190 tables, 245 figures | Download table of contents

The market for graphene has grown hugely in the past decade, with numerous products now on the market and more to come as graphene producers record steadily increasing revenues and OEMs witnessing significant returns in clothing, sportswear, footwear, tires, batteries etc. The market for graphene in batteries is witnessing large-scale investments.

Graphene is attracting increasing attention from investors, researchers and industrial players due to exceptional mechanical, electronic, and thermal properties. Graphene is available in multi-ton quantities from many producers and has been identified by many industry sectors as a key materials that will drive future product development in flexible electronics, smart textiles, biosensors, drug delivery, water filtration, supercapacitors and more.

The Global Market for Graphene and 2D Materials is the most comprehensive and up-to date report on graphene and 2D materials currently available, from the world's leading market authority on graphene and publisher of Graphene Magazine. Profiling over 360 companies, the report provides key information for investors and executives to enable them to understand and take advantage of the opportunities provided by graphene and 2D materials.

The Global Market for Graphene and 2D Materials contains:

Assessment of graphene by market including applications, key benefits, market megatrends, market drivers for graphene, technology drawbacks, competing materials, potential consumption of graphene to 2033 and main players.
Assessment of graphene materials (CVD graphene, graphene nano platelets, graphene oxide, etc), intermediate products (graphene masterbatches, dispersions, etc) and final products with graphene embedded (e.g. headphones, tennis racquets, etc). Tabular data on current graphene products.
Graphical depictions of graphene applications by market.
In depth-assessment of graphene producer and distributor pricing in 2023.
Global market for graphene in tons, by sector, historical and forecast to 2033. Global graphene market size split by market in 2022 and for each application to 2033.
Full list of technology collaborations, strategic partnerships, and M&As in the global graphene market including collaboration dates.
Applications roadmap, by market.
In-depth profiles of more than 350 graphene and 2D materials producers and application/product developers including products, production capacities, manufacturing methods, collaborations, licensing, customers and target markets. Companies profiled include Anaphite Limited, CamGraPhic, Directa Plus, First Graphene, Global Graphene Group, Graphjet Technology Sdn. Bhd., Grapheal, Graphex Group Ltd, Haydale Graphene, Graphmatech, Huvis, Lyten, NanoXplore, Paragraf, SafeLi LLC, Saint Jean Carbon, Versarien andTalga Resources.
List of ex-graphene producers.
Detailed forecasts for key growth areas, opportunities and demand.
Market overview of industry developments in 2020-23.
Unique market assessment tools to assess the viability of graphene, by market, and application.
Market assessment of other 2D materials.
Analysis of 2D materials market including Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs), hexagonal boron-nitride (BNNS), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC), Mxenes, Borophene, Phosphorene, Graphitic carbon nitride, Germanene, Graphyne, graphane, Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2), silicene, Stanene/tinene, Tungsten diselenide, Antimonene, diamene and indium selenide.

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 38

1.1 Graphene properties 38
1.2 Commercialization 39
1.3 The graphene market to date 40
1.4 The graphene market in 2021 41
1.5 The graphene market in 2022 41
1.6 Graphene commercial market developments 2020-2023 43
1.7 Graphene funding and investments 2020-2023 50
1.8 Publicly listed graphene companies 52
1.9 Graphene global production capacities, in tons and by type 53
1.10 Global demand for graphene 56
- 1.10.1 Global graphene demand, to 2033, tons 56
- 1.10.2 Global graphene demand, by end user market to 2033 58
- 1.10.3 Graphene market, by region 61
  - 1.10.3.1 Asia-Pacific 61
    - 1.10.3.1.1 China 61
    - 1.10.3.1.2 Main graphene producers in Asia-Pacific 63
  - 1.10.3.2 North America 64
    - 1.10.3.2.1 Main graphene producers in North America 64
  - 1.10.3.3 Europe 66
    - 1.10.3.3.1 Main graphene producers in Europe 66
1.11 Graphene products 67
1.12 Industrial collaborations and licence agreements 71
1.13 Graphene market challenges 78

2 OVERVIEW OF GRAPHENE 80

2.1 History 80
2.2 Properties 81
2.3 Types of graphene 82
- 2.3.1 Graphene materials 83
  - 2.3.1.1 CVD Graphene 83
    - 2.3.1.1.1 Applications 84
  - 2.3.1.2 Graphene nanoplatelets 85
  - 2.3.1.3 Graphene oxide and reduced Graphene Oxide 86
  - 2.3.1.4 Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) 87
    - 2.3.1.4.1 Composition 88
    - 2.3.1.4.2 Comparison to quantum dots 89
    - 2.3.1.4.3 Properties 89
    - 2.3.1.4.4 Synthesis 90
      - 2.3.1.4.4.1 Top-down method 90
      - 2.3.1.4.4.2 Bottom-up method 90
      - 2.3.1.4.4.3 Comparison of synthesis methods 91
    - 2.3.1.4.5 Applications 93
    - 2.3.1.4.6 Markets for graphene quantum dots 94
      - 2.3.1.4.6.1 Electronics and photonics 94
      - 2.3.1.4.6.2 Energy storage and conversion 95
      - 2.3.1.4.6.3 Sensors 96
      - 2.3.1.4.6.4 Biomedicine and life sciences 97
      - 2.3.1.4.6.5 Anti-counterfeiting 98
    - 2.3.1.4.7 Challenges 99
    - 2.3.1.4.8 Current and projected revenues 100
    - 2.3.1.4.9 Pricing 101
    - 2.3.1.4.10 Companies 101 (14 company profiles)
- 2.3.2 Intermediate products 114
  - 2.3.2.1 Graphene masterbatches 114
  - 2.3.2.2 Graphene dispersions 114

3 GRAPHENE PRODUCTION 116

3.1 Quality 117
3.2 Assessment of graphene production methods 118

4 REGULATIONS 123

4.1 Environmental, health and safety regulation 123
- 4.1.1 Europe 123
- 4.1.2 United States 124
- 4.1.3 Asia-Pacific 125
4.2 Workplace exposure 126

5 GRAPHENE PATENTS AND PUBLICATIONS 128

6 GRAPHENE PRODUCTION 130

6.1 Commercial production capacities 130
6.2 Graphene oxide and reduced Graphene Oxide production capacities 130
- 6.2.1 By producer 130
6.3 Graphene nanoplatelets production capacities 132
- 6.3.1 By producer 133
6.4 CVD graphene film 134
- 6.4.1 By producer 134
6.5 Graphene production issues and challenges 135
- 6.5.1 Oversupply 135
- 6.5.2 Quality 135
- 6.5.3 Large-volume markets 136
- 6.5.4 Commoditisation 136
- 6.5.5 Industrial end-user perspective 136

7 GRAPHENE PRICING 137

7.1 Pristine graphene flakes pricing/CVD graphene 139
7.2 Few-Layer graphene pricing 140
7.3 Graphene nanoplatelets pricing 141
7.4 Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) pricing 142
7.5 Multilayer graphene (MLG) pricing 144
7.6 Graphene ink 145

8 PRIMARY MARKETS FOR GRAPHENE 146

8.1 ENERGY STORAGE: BATTERIES 146
- 8.1.1 Technology overview 146
- 8.1.2 Battery market megatrends 147
  - 8.1.2.1 Electrification of transport 147
  - 8.1.2.2 Reducing dependence on lithium and other materials (e.g. cobalt). 148
  - 8.1.2.3 New advanced battery materials 149
  - 8.1.2.4 Development of next-generation flexible electronics 150
  - 8.1.2.5 Reduced battery costs 150
  - 8.1.2.6 Increasing demand for green energy 151
- 8.1.3 Market overview 152
  - 8.1.3.1 Market drivers and trends 152
  - 8.1.3.2 Applications 155
    - 8.1.3.2.1 Applications roadmap 160
  - 8.1.3.3 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2033 161
- 8.1.4 Product developers 162
8.2 ENERGY STORAGE: SUPERCAPACITORS 168
- 8.2.1 Technology overview 168
- 8.2.2 Market overview 168
  - 8.2.2.1 Applications 169
    - 8.2.2.1.1 Applications roadmap 172
  - 8.2.2.2 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 173
- 8.2.3 Product developers 174
8.3 POLYMER COMPOSITES 177
- 8.3.1 Technology overview 177
- 8.3.2 Applications 177
  - 8.3.2.1 Applications roadmap 177
- 8.3.3 Fiber-based polymer composite parts 178
  - 8.3.3.1 Applications 178
- 8.3.4 Metal-matrix composites 182
  - 8.3.4.1 Applications 182
- 8.3.5 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2033 184
- 8.3.6 Product developers 185
8.4 SENSORS 190
- 8.4.1 Technology overview 190
- 8.4.2 Market overview 191
  - 8.4.2.1 Applications 191
    - 8.4.2.1.1 Applications roadmap 196
  - 8.4.2.2 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 196
- 8.4.3 Product developers 197
8.5 CONDUCTIVE INKS 202
- 8.5.1 Technology overview 202
- 8.5.2 Market overview 202
  - 8.5.2.1 Applications 203
    - 8.5.2.1.1 Applications roadmap 207
  - 8.5.2.2 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2033 208
- 8.5.3 Product developers 210
8.6 TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE FILMS AND DISPLAYS 213
- 8.6.1 Technology overview 213
- 8.6.2 Market outlook 214
  - 8.6.2.1 Applications 214
    - 8.6.2.1.1 Applications roadmap 217
  - 8.6.2.2 Global market, historical and forecast to 2033 217
- 8.6.3 Product developers 218
8.7 TRANSISTORS 221
- 8.7.1 Technology overview 221
- 8.7.2 Market overview 221
  - 8.7.2.1 Applications 222
    - 8.7.2.1.1 Applications roadmap 225
  - 8.7.2.2 Global market, historical and forecast to 2033 226
- 8.7.3 Product developers 227
8.8 FILTRATION MEMBRANES 229
- 8.8.1 Technology overview 229
- 8.8.2 Market overview 229
  - 8.8.2.1 Applications 230
    - 8.8.2.1.1 Applications roadmap 235
  - 8.8.2.2 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2033 235
- 8.8.3 Product developers 236

9 SECONDARY MARKETS FOR GRAPHENE 240

9.1 ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 240
- 9.1.1 Technology overview 240
- 9.1.2 Market overview 240
  - 9.1.2.1 Applications 241
    - 9.1.2.1.1 Applications roadmap 245
  - 9.1.2.2 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2033 245
- 9.1.3 Product developers 246
9.2 ADHESIVES 249
- 9.2.1 Technology overview 249
- 9.2.2 Market overview 250
  - 9.2.2.1 Applications 250
    - 9.2.2.1.1 Applications roadmap 253
  - 9.2.2.2 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2033 254
- 9.2.3 Product developers 255
9.3 AEROSPACE 256
- 9.3.1 Technology overview 256
- 9.3.2 Market overview 256
  - 9.3.2.1 Applications 257
    - 9.3.2.1.1 Applications roadmap 260
  - 9.3.2.2 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2033 260
- 9.3.3 Product developers 261
9.4 AUTOMOTIVE 264
- 9.4.1 Technology overview 264
- 9.4.2 Market overview 265
  - 9.4.2.1 Applications 266
    - 9.4.2.1.1 Applications roadmap 269
  - 9.4.2.2 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2033 269
- 9.4.3 Product developers 270
9.5 CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDINGS 275
- 9.5.1 Technology overview 275
- 9.5.2 Market overview 275
  - 9.5.2.1 Applications 276
    - 9.5.2.1.1 Cement 276
    - 9.5.2.1.2 Asphalt bitumen 278
    - 9.5.2.1.3 Aerogels 279
      - 9.5.2.1.3.1 3D printed aerogels 279
      - 9.5.2.1.3.2 Carbon-based aerogel composites 280
    - 9.5.2.1.4 Applications roadmap 280
  - 9.5.2.2 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2033 280
- 9.5.3 Product developers 282
9.6 MEMORY DEVICES 285
- 9.6.1 Technology overview 285
- 9.6.2 Market overview 285
  - 9.6.2.1 Applications 286
    - 9.6.2.1.1 Applications roadmap 288
  - 9.6.2.2 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2033 289
- 9.6.3 Product developers 290
9.7 FUEL CELLS 291
- 9.7.1 Technology overview 291
- 9.7.2 Market overview 291
  - 9.7.2.1 Applications 292
    - 9.7.2.1.1 Applications roadmap 296
  - 9.7.2.2 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2033 296
- 9.7.3 Product developers 297
9.8 BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE 298
- 9.8.1 Technology overview 298
- 9.8.2 Market overview 299
  - 9.8.2.1 Applications 299
    - 9.8.2.1.1 Applications roadmap 305
  - 9.8.2.2 Drug delivery 306
  - 9.8.2.3 Imaging and diagnostics 306
  - 9.8.2.4 Implants 307
  - 9.8.2.5 Medical biosensors 307
  - 9.8.2.6 Woundcare 308
  - 9.8.2.7 Medical wearables 309
  - 9.8.2.8 Gene delivery 310
  - 9.8.2.9 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2033 310
- 9.8.3 Product developers 312
9.9 LIGHTING 316
- 9.9.1 Technology overview 316
- 9.9.2 Market overview 316
  - 9.9.2.1 Applications 317
    - 9.9.2.1.1 Applications roadmap 319
  - 9.9.2.2 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2033 320
- 9.9.3 Product developers 321
9.10 LUBRICANTS 322
- 9.10.1 Technology overview 322
- 9.10.2 Market overview 323
  - 9.10.2.1 Applications 324
  - 9.10.2.2 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2033 326
- 9.10.3 Product developers 328
9.11 OIL AND GAS 330
- 9.11.1 Technology overview 330
- 9.11.2 Market overview 330
  - 9.11.2.1 Applications 331
    - 9.11.2.1.1 Applications roadmap 334
  - 9.11.2.2 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2033 334
- 9.11.3 Product developers 335
9.12 PAINTS AND COATINGS 337
- 9.12.1 Technology overview 337
- 9.12.2 Market overview 337
  - 9.12.2.1 Applications 338
    - 9.12.2.1.1 Applications roadmap 342
  - 9.12.2.2 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 342
- 9.12.3 Product developers 343
9.13 PHOTONICS 349
- 9.13.1 Technology overview 349
- 9.13.2 Market overview 349
  - 9.13.2.1 Applications 350
    - 9.13.2.1.1 Applications roadmap 352
  - 9.13.2.2 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 353
- 9.13.3 Product developers 355
9.14 PHOTOVOLTAICS 356
- 9.14.1 Technology overview 356
- 9.14.2 Market overview 357
  - 9.14.2.1 Applications 357
    - 9.14.2.1.1 Applications roadmap 361
  - 9.14.2.2 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2033 361
- 9.14.3 Product developers 362
9.15 RUBBER AND TYRES 364
- 9.15.1 Technology overview 364
- 9.15.2 Market overview 364
  - 9.15.2.1 Applications 365
    - 9.15.2.1.1 Applications roadmap 369
  - 9.15.2.2 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2033 369
- 9.15.3 Product developers 370
9.16 TEXTILES AND APPAREL 373
- 9.16.1 Technology overview 373
- 9.16.2 Market outlook 373
  - 9.16.2.1 Applications 374
    - 9.16.2.1.1 Applications roadmap 379
  - 9.16.2.2 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 379
- 9.16.3 Product developers 380
9.17 OTHER MARKETS 386
- 9.17.1 Audio equipment 386
- 9.17.2 Sporting goods and apparel 386

10 GRAPHENE PRODUCER ASSESSMENT 388

10.1 Types of graphene produced, by producer 388
10.2 Markets targeted, by producer 392
10.3 Graphene product developers target markets 395

11 GRAPHENE COMPANY PROFILES 399 (343 company profiles)

12 GRAPHENE EX-PRODUCERS AND PRODUCT DEVELOPERS 655

13 OTHER 2-D MATERIALS 671

13.1 Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2D materials 674
13.2 2D MATERIALS PRODUCTION METHODS 676
- 13.2.1 Top-down exfoliation 676
  - 13.2.1.1 Mechanical exfoliation method 677
  - 13.2.1.2 Liquid exfoliation method 677
- 13.2.2 Bottom-up synthesis 678
  - 13.2.2.1 Chemical synthesis in solution 678
  - 13.2.2.2 Chemical vapor deposition 678
13.3 TYPES OF 2D MATERIALS 680
- 13.3.1 Hexagonal boron-nitride (h-BN)/Bboron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) 680
  - 13.3.1.1 Properties 680
  - 13.3.1.2 Applications and markets 681
    - 13.3.1.2.1 Electronics 681
    - 13.3.1.2.2 Fuel cells 682
    - 13.3.1.2.3 Adsorbents 682
    - 13.3.1.2.4 Photodetectors 682
    - 13.3.1.2.5 Textiles 682
    - 13.3.1.2.6 Biomedical 683
- 13.3.2 MXenes 684
  - 13.3.2.1 Properties 684
  - 13.3.2.2 Applications 685
    - 13.3.2.2.1 Catalysts 685
    - 13.3.2.2.2 Hydrogels 685
    - 13.3.2.2.3 Energy storage devices 685
      - 13.3.2.2.3.1 Supercapacitors 685
      - 13.3.2.2.3.2 Batteries 686
      - 13.3.2.2.3.3 Gas Separation 686
    - 13.3.2.2.4 Liquid Separation 686
    - 13.3.2.2.5 Antibacterials 686
- 13.3.3 Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) 686
  - 13.3.3.1 Properties 687
    - 13.3.3.1.1 Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) 687
    - 13.3.3.1.2 Tungsten ditelluride (WTe2) 688
  - 13.3.3.2 Applications 689
    - 13.3.3.2.1 Electronics 689
    - 13.3.3.2.2 Optoelectronics 690
    - 13.3.3.2.3 Biomedical 690
    - 13.3.3.2.4 Piezoelectrics 690
    - 13.3.3.2.5 Sensors 690
    - 13.3.3.2.6 Filtration 691
    - 13.3.3.2.7 Batteries and supercapacitors 691
    - 13.3.3.2.8 Fiber lasers 691
- 13.3.4 Borophene 691
  - 13.3.4.1 Properties 691
  - 13.3.4.2 Applications 692
    - 13.3.4.2.1 Energy storage 692
    - 13.3.4.2.2 Hydrogen storage 693
    - 13.3.4.2.3 Sensors 693
    - 13.3.4.2.4 Electronics 693
- 13.3.5 Phosphorene/ Black phosphorus 693
  - 13.3.5.1 Properties 694
  - 13.3.5.2 Applications 695
    - 13.3.5.2.1 Electronics 695
    - 13.3.5.2.2 Field effect transistors 695
    - 13.3.5.2.3 Thermoelectrics 696
    - 13.3.5.2.4 Batteries 696
      - 13.3.5.2.4.1 Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) 696
      - 13.3.5.2.4.2 Sodium-ion batteries 696
      - 13.3.5.2.4.3 Lithium–sulfur batteries 696
    - 13.3.5.2.5 Supercapacitors 697
    - 13.3.5.2.6 Photodetectors 697
    - 13.3.5.2.7 Sensors 697
- 13.3.6 Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) 698
  - 13.3.6.1 Properties 698
  - 13.3.6.2 C2N 698
  - 13.3.6.3 Applications 699
    - 13.3.6.3.1 Electronics 699
    - 13.3.6.3.2 Filtration membranes 699
    - 13.3.6.3.3 Photocatalysts 699
    - 13.3.6.3.4 Batteries 699
    - 13.3.6.3.5 Sensors 699
- 13.3.7 Germanene 700
  - 13.3.7.1 Properties 700
  - 13.3.7.2 Applications 701
    - 13.3.7.2.1 Electronics 701
    - 13.3.7.2.2 Batteries 702
- 13.3.8 Graphdiyne 702
  - 13.3.8.1 Properties 703
  - 13.3.8.2 Applications 703
    - 13.3.8.2.1 Electronics 703
    - 13.3.8.2.2 Batteries 703
      - 13.3.8.2.2.1 Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) 703
      - 13.3.8.2.2.2 Sodium ion batteries 703
    - 13.3.8.2.3 Separation membranes 704
    - 13.3.8.2.4 Water filtration 704
    - 13.3.8.2.5 Photocatalysts 704
    - 13.3.8.2.6 Photovoltaics 705
    - 13.3.8.2.7 Gas separation 705
- 13.3.9 Graphane 705
  - 13.3.9.1 Properties 706
  - 13.3.9.2 Applications 706
    - 13.3.9.2.1 Electronics 706
    - 13.3.9.2.2 Hydrogen storage 706
- 13.3.10 Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2) 707
  - 13.3.10.1 Properties 707
  - 13.3.10.2 Applications 707
- 13.3.11 Silicene 708
  - 13.3.11.1 Properties 708
  - 13.3.11.2 Applications 709
    - 13.3.11.2.1 Electronics 709
    - 13.3.11.2.2 Thermoelectrics 710
    - 13.3.11.2.3 Batteries 710
    - 13.3.11.2.4 Sensors 710
    - 13.3.11.2.5 Biomedical 710
- 13.3.12 Stanene/tinene 711
  - 13.3.12.1 Properties 711
  - 13.3.12.2 Applications 712
    - 13.3.12.2.1 Electronics 712
- 13.3.13 Antimonene 713
  - 13.3.13.1 Properties 713
  - 13.3.13.2 Applications 713
- 13.3.14 Indium selenide 714
  - 13.3.14.1 Properties 714
  - 13.3.14.2 Applications 714
    - 13.3.14.2.1 Electronics 714
- 13.3.15 Layered double hydroxides (LDH) 715
  - 13.3.15.1 Properties 715
  - 13.3.15.2 Applications 715
    - 13.3.15.2.1 Adsorbents 715
    - 13.3.15.2.2 Catalyst 715
    - 13.3.15.2.3 Sensors 715
    - 13.3.15.2.4 Electrodes 716
    - 13.3.15.2.5 Flame Retardants 716
    - 13.3.15.2.6 Biosensors 716
    - 13.3.15.2.7 Tissue engineering 717
    - 13.3.15.2.8 Anti-Microbials 717
    - 13.3.15.2.9 Drug Delivery 717
13.4 2D MATERIALS PRODUCER AND SUPPLIER PROFILES 718 (19 company profiles)

14 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 735

14.1 Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 735

15 REFERENCES 738

List of Tables

Table 1. Graphene commercial market developments 2020-2023. 43
Table 2. Graphene funding and investments 2020-2023. 50
Table 3. Publicly listed graphene companies. 52
Table 4. Main graphene producers by country, annual production capacities, types and main markets they sell to. 53
Table 5. Demand for graphene (tons), 2018-2033. 56
Table 6. Main graphene producers in North America. 64
Table 7. Main graphene producers in Europe. 66
Table 8. Commercial products incorporating graphene. 68
Table 9. Graphene industrial collaborations, licence agreements and target markets. 71
Table 10. Graphene market challenges. 78
Table 11. Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof. 81
Table 12. Applications of GO and rGO. 87
Table 13. Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs. 89
Table 14. Advantages and disadvantages of methods for preparing GQDs. 92
Table 15. Applications of graphene quantum dots. 93
Table 16. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in electronics and photonics. 94
Table 17. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in energy storage and conversion. 95
Table 18. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in sensors. 96
Table 19. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in biomedicine and life sciences. 97
Table 20. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in electronics. 98
Table 21. Market and technology challenges for graphene quantum dots. 99
Table 22. Prices for graphene quantum dots. 101
Table 23. Assessment of graphene production methods. 120
Table 24. Regulations and rulings related to graphene in Europe. 123
Table 25. Regulations and rulings related to graphene in North America. 124
Table 26. Regulations and rulings related to graphene in Asia-Pacific. 125
Table 27. Accumulated number of patent publications for graphene, 2004-2019. 128
Table 29. Graphene oxide production capacity by producer, 2014-2022. 130
Table 30. Graphene nanoplatelets capacity in tons by producer, 2010-2022. 133
Table 31. CVD graphene film capacity by producer, 2014-2022 in 000s m2. 134
Table 32. Types of graphene and typical prices. 137
Table 33. Pristine graphene flakes pricing by producer. 140
Table 34. Few-layer graphene pricing by producer. 141
Table 35. Graphene nanoplatelets pricing by producer. 141
Table 36. Graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide pricing, by producer. 143
Table 38. Multi-layer graphene pricing by producer. 144
Table 39. Graphene ink pricing by producer. 145
Table 40. Applications of nanomaterials in batteries. 146
Table 41. Market overview for graphene in batteries. 151
Table 42. Market outlook for graphene in batteries. 152
Table 43. Market drivers for use of graphene in batteries. 152
Table 44. Applications of nanomaterials in flexible and stretchable batteries, by materials type and benefits thereof. 155
Table 45. Market and applications for graphene in batteries. 155
Table 46. Estimated demand for graphene in batteries (tons), 2018-2033. 161
Table 47. Product developers in graphene batteries. 162
Table 48. Market overview for graphene in supercapacitors. 168
Table 49. Market overviewfor graphene in supercapacitors. 168
Table 50: Comparative properties of graphene supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries. 169
Table 51. Market and applications for graphene in supercapacitors. 169
Table 52. Demand for graphene in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2033. 173
Table 53. Product developers in graphene supercapacitors. 174
Table 54. Market overview for graphene in composites. 177
Table 55. Market outlook for graphene in fiber-based polymer composite parts. 178
Table 56. Market and applications for graphene in fiber-based composite parts. 178
Table 57. Market and applications for graphene in metal matrix composites. 183
Table 58. Global market for graphene in composites 2018-2033, tons. 184
Table 59. Product developers in graphene composites. 185
Table 60. Market overview for graphene in sensors. 190
Table 61. Market overview for graphene in sensors. 191
Table 62. Market and applications for graphene in sensors. 191
Table 63. Demand for graphene in sensors (tons), 2018-2033. 196
Table 64. Product developers in graphene sensors. 197
Table 65. Market overview for graphene in conductive inks. 202
Table 66. Market outlook for graphene in conductive inks. 202
Table 67. Market and applications for graphene in conductive inks. 203
Table 68. Comparative properties of conductive inks. 206
Table 69. Demand for graphene in conductive ink (tons), 2018-2033. 209
Table 70. Product developers in graphene conductive inks. 210
Table 71. Market overview for graphene in wearable electronics and displays. 213
Table 72. Market outlook for graphene in transparent conductive films. 214
Table 73. Market and applications for graphene in transparent conductive films. 214
Table 74. Comparison of ITO replacements. 216
Table 75. Demand for graphene in transparent conductive films, 2018-2033. 217
Table 76. Product developers in graphene transparent conductive films. 218
Table 77. Market overview for graphene in transistors. 221
Table 78. Comparative properties of silicon and graphene transistors. 221
Table 79. Market outlook for graphene in transistors. 221
Table 80. Market and applications for graphene transistors. 222
Table 81. Demand for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits, 2018-2033. 226
Table 82. Product developers in graphene transistors and integrated circuits. 227
Table 83. Market overview for graphene in filtration membranes. 229
Table 84. Market outlook for graphene in filtration membranes. 229
Table 85. Market and applications for graphene in filtration membranes. 230
Table 86. Demand for graphene in filtration membranes (tons), 2018-2033. 235
Table 87. Graphene companies in filtration. 236
Table 88. Market overview for graphene in additive manufacturing. 240
Table 89. Market outlook for graphene in additive manufacturing. 240
Table 90. Market and applications for graphene in additive manufacturing. 241
Table 91. Demand for graphene in additive manufacturing (tons), 2018-2033. 245
Table 92. Product developers in additive manufacturing. 246
Table 93. Market overview for graphene in adhesives. 249
Table 94. Market outlook for graphene in adhesives. 250
Table 95. Market and applications for graphene in adhesives. 250
Table 96. Demand for graphene in adhesives (tons), 2018-2033. 254
Table 97. Product developers in graphene adhesives. 255
Table 98. Market overview for graphene in aerospace. 256
Table 99. Market assessment for graphene in aerospace. 256
Table 100. Market and applications for graphene in aerospace. 257
Table 101: Demand for graphene in aerospace (tons), 2018-2030. 260
Table 102: Product developers in graphene for aerospace. 261
Table 103. Market overview for graphene in the automotive market. 265
Table 104. Market outlook for graphene in automotive. 265
Table 105. Market and applications for graphene in automotive. 266
Table 106. Market and applications for graphene in automotive. 269
Table 107. Demand for graphene in automotive (tons), 2018-2033. 269
Table 108. Product developers in the graphene automotive market. 270
Table 109. Market overview for graphene in construction and buildings. 275
Table 110. Market outlook for graphene in construction. 275
Table 111. Graphene for concrete and cement. 276
Table 112. Graphene for asphalt bitumen. 278
Table 113. Demand for graphene in construction (tons), 2018-2033. 280
Table 114: Graphene product developers in construction. 282
Table 115. Market overview for graphene in memory devices. 285
Table 116. Market outlook for graphene in memory devices. 285
Table 117. Market and applications for graphene in memory devices. 286
Table 118. Demand for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2033. 289
Table 119. Product developers in graphene memory devices. 290
Table 120. Market overview for graphene in fuel cells. 291
Table 121. Market overview for graphene in fuel cells. 291
Table 122. Market and applications for graphene in fuel cells. 292
Table 123. Demand for graphene in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2033. 296
Table 124. Product developers in graphene fuel cells. 297
Table 125. Market overview for graphene in life sciences and medicine. 299
Table 126. Market and applications for graphene in biomedicine and healthcare. 299
Table 127. Market overview for graphene in drug delivery. 306
Table 128. Market overview for graphene in imaging and diagnostics. 306
Table 129. Market overview for graphene in medical implants. 307
Table 130. Market overview for graphene in medical biosensors. 307
Table 131. Market overview for graphene in woundcare. 308
Table 132. Demand for graphene in biomedicine and healthcare (tons), 2018-2033. 310
Table 133. Product developers in biomedicine and healthcare. 312
Table 134. Market overview for graphene in lighting. 316
Table 135. Market overview for graphene in lighting. 316
Table 136. Market and applications for graphene in lighting. 317
Table 137. Demand for graphene in lighting, 2018-2033. 320
Table 138. Product developers in graphene lighting. 321
Table 139. Market overview for graphene in lubricants. 322
Table 140. Nanomaterial lubricant products. 322
Table 141. Market overview for graphene in lubricants. 323
Table 142. Market and applications for graphene in lubricants. 324
Table 143. Demand for graphene in lubricants (tons), 2018-2033. 327
Table 144. Product developers in graphene lubricants. 328
Table 145. Market overview for graphene in oil and gas. 330
Table 146. Market overview for graphene in oil and gas. 330
Table 147. Market and applications for graphene in oil and gas. 331
Table 148. Demand for graphene in oil and gas (tons), 2018-2033. 334
Table 149. Product developers in graphene oil and gas. 335
Table 150. Market overview for graphene in paints and coatings. 337
Table 151. Market overview for graphene in paints and coatings. 337
Table 152. Market and applications for graphene in paints and coatings. 338
Table 153. Demand for graphene in paints and coatings (tons), 2018-2033. 342
Table 154. Product developers in graphene paints and coatings. 343
Table 155. Market overview for graphene in paints and coatings. 349
Table 156. Market overview for graphene in photonics. 349
Table 157. Market and applications for graphene in photonics. 350
Table 158. Demand for graphene in photonics, 2018-2033. 353
Table 159. Product developers in graphene photonics. 355
Table 160. Market overview for graphene in photovoltaics. 356
Table 161. Market overview for graphene in photovoltaics. 357
Table 162. Market and applications for graphene in photovoltaics. 357
Table 163. Demand for graphene in photovoltaics (tons), 2018-2033. 361
Table 164. Product developers in graphene solar. 362
Table 165. Market overview for graphene in rubber and tyres. 364
Table 166. Market outlook for graphene in rubber and tyres. 364
Table 167. Market and applications for graphene in rubber and tyres. 365
Table 168. Demand for graphene in rubber and tyres (tons), 2018-2033. 369
Table 169. Product developers in rubber and tyres. 370
Table 170. Market overview for graphene in smart textiles and apparel. 373
Table 171. Market outlook for graphene in smart textiles and apparel. 373
Table 172. Market and applications for graphene in smart textiles and apparel. 374
Table 173. Demand for graphene in textiles (tons), 2018-2033. 379
Table 174. Graphene product developers in smart textiles and apparel. 380
Table 175. Graphene audio equipment producers and products. 386
Table 176. Graphene sporting goods producers and products. 387
Table 177. Graphene producers and types produced. 388
Table 178. Graphene producers target market matrix. 392
Table 179. Graphene product developers target market matrix. 395
Table 180. Performance criteria of energy storage devices. 650
Table 181. 2D materials types. 673
Table 182. Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials. 674
Table 183. Comparison of top-down exfoliation methods to produce 2D materials. 676
Table 184. Comparison of the bottom-up synthesis methods to produce 2D materials. 679
Table 185. Properties of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). 681
Table 186. Electronic and mechanical properties of monolayer phosphorene, graphene and MoS2. 694
Table 187. Properties and applications of functionalized germanene. 701
Table 188. GDY-based anode materials in LIBs and SIBs 703
Table 189. Physical and electronic properties of Stanene. 712
Table 190. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Examples. 736

List of Figures

Figure 1. Demand for graphene, by market, 2022. 42
Figure 2. Demand for graphene, 2018-2033, tons. 57
Figure 3. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2033 (tons), conservative estimate. 58
Figure 4. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2033 (tons). Medium estimate. 59
Figure 5. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2033 (tons). High estimate. 60
Figure 6. Demand for graphene in China, by market, 2022. 61
Figure 7. Demand for graphene in Asia-Pacific, by market, 2022. 62
Figure 8. Main graphene producers in Asia-Pacific. 63
Figure 9. Demand for graphene in North America, by market, 2022. 65
Figure 10. Demand for graphene in Europe, by market, 2022. 67
Figure 11. Graphene layer structure schematic. 80
Figure 12. Illustrative procedure of the Scotch-tape based micromechanical cleavage of HOPG. 80
Figure 13. Graphite and graphene. 81
Figure 14. Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. 83
Figure 15. Types of CVD methods. 84
Figure 16. Schematic of the manufacture of GnPs starting from natural graphite. 86
Figure 17. Green-fluorescing graphene quantum dots. 88
Figure 18. Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4). 88
Figure 19. Graphene quantum dots. 91
Figure 20. Top-down and bottom-up graphene QD synthesis methods. 92
Figure 21. Revenues for graphene quantum dots 2019-2033, millions USD 100
Figure 20. Dotz Nano GQD products. 104
Figure 21. InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination. 108
Figure 22. Quantag GQDs and sensor. 110
Figure 22. Fabrication methods of graphene. 116
Figure 23. TEM micrographs of: A) HR-CNFs; B) GANF® HR-CNF, it can be observed its high graphitic structure; C) Unraveled ribbon from the HR-CNF; D) Detail of the ribbon; E) Scheme of the structure of the HR-CNFs; F) Large single graphene oxide sheets derived from GANF. 117
Figure 24. (a) Graphene powder production line The Sixth Element Materials Technology Co. Ltd. (b) Graphene film production line of Wuxi Graphene Films Co. Ltd. 118
Figure 25. Schematic illustration of the main graphene production methods. 119
Figure 26. Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2019. 129
Figure 28. CVD Graphene on Cu Foil. 139
Figure 29. Annual cobalt demand for electric vehicle batteries to 2031. 148
Figure 30. Annual lithium demand for electric vehicle batteries to 2031. 149
Figure 31. Costs of batteries to 2031. 151
Figure 32. Applications of graphene in batteries. 159
Figure 33. Applications roadmap for graphene in batteries. 160
Figure 34. Demand for graphene in batteries (tons), 2018-2033. 161
Figure 35. Apollo Traveler graphene-enhanced USB-C / A fast charging power bank. 163
Figure 36. Exide Graphene Lead Acid Battery. 163
Figure 37. 6000mAh Portable graphene batteries. 164
Figure 38. Real Graphene Powerbank. 166
Figure 39. Graphene Functional Films - UniTran EH/FH. 167
Figure 40. Applications of graphene in supercapacitors. 172
Figure 41. Applications roadmap for graphene in supercapacitors. 172
Figure 42. Demand for graphene in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2033. 173
Figure 43. KEPCO’s graphene supercapacitors. 175
Figure 44. Skeleton Technologies supercapacitor. 175
Figure 45. Zapgo supercapacitor phone charger. 176
Figure 46. Applications roadmap for graphene in polymer composites. 177
Figure 47. Applications of graphene in composites. 182
Figure 48. Demand for graphene in composites (tons), 2018-2033. 185
Figure 49. Graphene bike. 186
Figure 50. Graphene lacrosse equipment. 186
Figure 51. Graphene-based suitcase made from recycled plastic. 187
Figure 52. Aros Create. 188
Figure 53. Grays graphene hockey sticks. 189
Figure 54. Graphene-based sensors for health monitoring. 190
Figure 55. Applications of graphene in sensors. 195
Figure 56. Applications roadmap for graphene in sensors. 196
Figure 57. Demand for graphene in sensors (tons), 2018-2033. 197
Figure 58. AGILE R100 system. 198
Figure 59. Graphene fully packaged linear array detector. 198
Figure 60. GFET sensors. 199
Figure 61. Graphene is used to increase sensitivity to middle-infrared light. 200
Figure 62. Applications roadmap for graphene in conductive inks. 207
Figure 63. Applications of graphene in conductive inks. 208
Figure 64. Demand for graphene in conductive ink (tons), 2018-2033. 209
Figure 65. BGT Materials graphene ink product. 210
Figure 66. Printed graphene conductive ink. 211
Figure 67. Textiles covered in conductive graphene ink. 211
Figure 68. Applications roadmap for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays. 217
Figure 69. Demand for graphene in transparent conductive films, 2018-2033. 218
Figure 70. Moxi flexible film developed for smartphone application. 219
Figure 71. Applications of graphene transistors. 224
Figure 72. Applications roadmap for graphene transistors. 225
Figure 73. Demand for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits, 2018-2033. 226
Figure 74. Graphene IC in wafer tester. 227
Figure 75. Schematic cross-section of a graphene based transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right). 228
Figure 76. Applications of graphene in filtration membranes. 234
Figure 77. Applications roadmap for graphene filtration membranes. 235
Figure 78. Demand for graphene in filtration (tons), 2018-2033. 236
Figure 79. Graphene anti-smog mask. 237
Figure 80. Graphene filtration membrane. 237
Figure 81. Graphene water filer cartridge. 238
Figure 82. Applications of graphene in additive manufacturing 244
Figure 83. Applications roadmap for graphene in additive manufacturing. 245
Figure 84. Demand for graphene in additive manufacturing (tons), 2018-2033. 246
Figure 85. CNCTArch lightweight mounting for digital signalling. 247
Figure 86. Applications of graphene in adhesives. 253
Figure 87. Applications roadmap for graphene in adhesives. 253
Figure 88. Demand for graphene in adhesives (tons), 2018-2033. 254
Figure 89. Graphene Adhesives. 255
Figure 90. Applications of graphene in aerospace. 259
Figure 91. Applications roadmap for graphene in aerospace. 260
Figure 92. Demand for graphene in aerospace (tons), 2018-2033. 261
Figure 93. Orbex Prime rocket. 262
Figure 94: Graphene enhanced aircraft cargo container. 263
Figure 95: Graphene aircraft. 263
Figure 96. Summary of graphene in automobiles. 265
Figure 97. Applications of graphene in automotive. 268
Figure 98. Demand for graphene in automotive (tons), 2018-2033. 270
Figure 99. Supercar incorporating graphene. 271
Figure 100. Graphene anti-corrosion primer. 272
Figure 101. Graphene-R Brake pads. 272
Figure 102. Antistatic graphene tire. 273
Figure 103. Graphene engine oil additives. 274
Figure 104. Comparison of nanofillers with supplementary cementitious materials and aggregates in concrete. 276
Figure 105. Applications roadmap for graphene in construction. 280
Figure 106. Demand for graphene in construction (tons), 2018-2033. 281
Figure 107. Graphene asphalt additives. 282
Figure 108. OG (Original Graphene) Concrete Admix Plus. 283
Figure 109. Applications roadmap for graphene in memory devices. 288
Figure 110. Demand for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2033. 289
Figure 111. Layered structure of tantalum oxide, multilayer graphene and platinum used for resistive random-access memory (RRAM). 290
Figure 112. Applications of graphene in fuel cells. 295
Figure 113. Applications roadmap for graphene in fuel cells. 296
Figure 114. Demand for graphene in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2033. 297
Figure 115. Graphene-based E-skin patch. 298
Figure 116. Applications of graphene in biomedicine and healthcare. 304
Figure 117. Applications roadmap for graphene in biomedicine and healthcare. 305
Figure 118. Flexible and transparent bracelet that uses graphene to measure heart rate, respiration rate etc. 309
Figure 119. Demand for graphene in biomedicine and healthcare (tons), 2018-2033. 311
Figure 120. Graphene medical biosensors for wound healing. 313
Figure 121. Graphene Frontiers’ Six™ chemical sensors consists of a field effect transistor (FET) with a graphene channel. Receptor molecules, such as DNA, are attached directly to the graphene channel. 313
Figure 122. GraphWear wearable sweat sensor. 314
Figure 123. BioStamp nPoint. 315
Figure 124. Applications of graphene in lighting. 319
Figure 125. Applications roadmap for graphene in lighting. 319
Figure 126. Demand for graphene in lighting, 2018-2033. 320
Figure 127. Graphene LED bulbs. 321
Figure 128. Applications of graphene in lubricants. 326
Figure 129. Demand for graphene in lubricants (tons), 2018-2033. 327
Figure 130. Tricolit spray coating. 328
Figure 131. Graphenoil products. 329
Figure 132. Applications of graphene in oil and gas. 333
Figure 133. Applications roadmap for graphene in oil and gas. 334
Figure 134. Demand for graphene in oil and gas (tons), 2018-2033. 335
Figure 135. Directa Plus Grafysorber. 336
Figure 136. Applications of graphene in paints and coatings. 341
Figure 137. Applications roadmap for graphene in paints and coatings. 342
Figure 138. Demand for graphene in paints and coatings (tons), 2018-2033. 343
Figure 139. Cryorig CPU cooling system with graphene coating. 344
Figure 140. Four layers of graphene oxide coatings on polycarbonate. 345
Figure 141. 23303 ZINCTON GNC graphene paint. 345
Figure 142. Graphene-enhanced anti-corrosion aerosols under their Hycote brand. 346
Figure 143. Scania Truck head lamp brackets ACT chamber 6 weeks, equivalent to 3y field use. Piece treated with GO to the left together with different non-GO coatings. 347
Figure 144. Schematic of graphene heat film. 347
Figure 145. Applications roadmap for graphene in photonics. 352
Figure 146. Applications of graphene in photonics. 353
Figure 147. Demand for graphene in photonics, 2018-2033. 354
Figure 148. All-graphene optical communication link demonstrator operating at a data rate of 25 Gb/s per channel. 355
Figure 149. Applications of graphene in photovoltaics. 360
Figure 150. Applications roadmap for graphene in in photovoltaics. 361
Figure 151. Demand for graphene in photovoltaics (tons), 2018-2033. 362
Figure 152. Graphene coated glass. 363
Figure 153. Applications of graphene in rubber and tyres. 368
Figure 154. Applications roadmap for graphene in rubber and tyres. 369
Figure 155. Demand for graphene in rubber and tyres (tons), 2018-2033. 370
Figure 156. Eagle F1 graphene tyre. 371
Figure 157. Graphene floor mats. 372
Figure 158. Vittoria Corsa G+ tire. 372
Figure 159. Applications of graphene in smart textiles and apparel. 378
Figure 160. Applications roadmap for graphene in textiles and apparel. 379
Figure 161. Demand for graphene in textiles (tons), 2018-2033. 380
Figure 162. 878 Project One jacket display. 381
Figure 163. Colmar graphene ski jacket. 381
Figure 164. Graphene dress. The dress changes colour in sync with the wearer’s breathing. 382
Figure 165. G+ Graphene Aero Jersey. 382
Figure 166. Inov-8 graphene shoes. 383
Figure 167. Graphene Functional Membranes - UniTran GM. 384
Figure 168. Graphene jacket. 385
Figure 169. Callaway Chrome Soft golf and Chrome Soft X golf balls. 387
Figure 170. Graphene heating films. 399
Figure 171. Graphene flake products. 405
Figure 172. AIKA Black-T. 409
Figure 173. Printed graphene biosensors. 418
Figure 174. Prototype of printed memory device. 423
Figure 175. Brain Scientific electrode schematic. 440
Figure 176. Graphene battery schematic. 465
Figure 177. Dotz Nano GQD products. 467
Figure 178. Graphene-based membrane dehumidification test cell. 473
Figure 179. Proprietary atmospheric CVD production. 484
Figure 180. Wearable sweat sensor. 518
Figure 181. InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination. 524
Figure 182. Sensor surface. 539
Figure 183. BioStamp nPoint. 556
Figure 184. Nanotech Energy battery. 575
Figure 185. Hybrid battery powered electrical motorbike concept. 577
Figure 186. NAWAStitch integrated into carbon fiber composite. 578
Figure 187. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production. 579
Figure 188. TEM images of carbon nanobrush. 580
Figure 189. Test performance after 6 weeks ACT II according to Scania STD4445. 595
Figure 190. Quantag GQDs and sensor. 597
Figure 191. The Sixth Element graphene products. 612
Figure 192. Thermal conductive graphene film. 612
Figure 193. Talcoat graphene mixed with paint. 624
Figure 194. T-FORCE CARDEA ZERO. 627
Figure 195. Structures of nanomaterials based on dimensions. 671
Figure 196. Schematic of 2-D materials. 673
Figure 197. Diagram of the mechanical exfoliation method. 677
Figure 198. Diagram of liquid exfoliation method 678
Figure 199. Structure of hexagonal boron nitride. 680
Figure 200. BN nanosheet textiles application. 683
Figure 201. Structure diagram of Ti3C2Tx. 684
Figure 202. Types and applications of 2D TMDCs. 687
Figure 203. Left: Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2). Right: Tungsten ditelluride (WTe2) 688
Figure 204. SEM image of MoS2. 688
Figure 205. Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor. 690
Figure 206. Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge. 691
Figure 207. Borophene schematic. 692
Figure 208. Black phosphorus structure. 694
Figure 209. Black Phosphorus crystal. 694
Figure 210. Bottom gated flexible few-layer phosphorene transistors with the hydrophobic dielectric encapsulation. 695
Figure 211: Graphitic carbon nitride. 698
Figure 212. Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal. Credit: Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology. 699
Figure 213. Schematic of germanene. 700
Figure 214. Graphdiyne structure. 703
Figure 215. Schematic of Graphane crystal. 705
Figure 216. Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulfide. 707
Figure 217. Silicene structure. 708
Figure 218. Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate. 709
Figure 219. Silicene transistor. 709
Figure 220. Crystal structure for stanene. 711
Figure 221. Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111). 712
Figure 222. Schematic of Indium Selenide (InSe). 714
Figure 223. Application of Li-Al LDH as CO2 sensor. 716
Figure 224. Graphene-based membrane dehumidification test cell. 725

The Global Market for Graphene and 2D Materials to 2033

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The Global Market for Graphene and 2D Materials to 2033

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Published February 2023 | 757 pages, 190 tables, 245 figures | Download table of contents

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 38

2 OVERVIEW OF GRAPHENE 80

3 GRAPHENE PRODUCTION 116

4 REGULATIONS 123

5 GRAPHENE PATENTS AND PUBLICATIONS 128

6 GRAPHENE PRODUCTION 130

7 GRAPHENE PRICING 137

8 PRIMARY MARKETS FOR GRAPHENE 146

9 SECONDARY MARKETS FOR GRAPHENE 240

10 GRAPHENE PRODUCER ASSESSMENT 388

11 GRAPHENE COMPANY PROFILES 399 (343 company profiles)

12 GRAPHENE EX-PRODUCERS AND PRODUCT DEVELOPERS 655

13 OTHER 2-D MATERIALS 671

14 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 735

15 REFERENCES 738

List of Tables

List of Figures

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