Published September 21 2020 | 620 pages | 96 tables, 166 figures
The rapid boom in smart wearable and integrated electronic devices has stimulated demand for advanced intelligent systems with high performance, micro size, mechanical flexibility, and high-temperature stability for application as flexible and stretchable displays, personal health monitoring, human motion capturing, smart textiles, electronic skins and more.
Wearable technology, wearables, or wearable devices is incorporation electronics into clothing or accessories that can be worn on a user’s body. The purpose of wearable technologies is to provide entertainment, healthcare, and education in people’s daily lives. Wearable electronics encompasses the incorporation of technological components in clothing accessories or objects we carry. The development of next-generation, wearable flexible electronics relies on novel materials that are:
- Mechanically flexible.
- Low-cost.
- Electrically conductive.
- Optically transparent.
There is increasing demand for wearable electronics from industries such as:
- Medical and healthcare monitoring and diagnostics.
- Sportswear and fitness monitoring (bands).
- Consumer electronics such as smart watches, smart glasses and headsets.
- Military GPS trackers, equipment (helmets) and wearable robots.
- Smart apparel and footwear in fashion and sport.
- Workplace safety and manufacturing.
The development of printed, flexible and stretchable conductors over the last decade has resulted in commercialization of flexible and stretchable sensors, circuits, displays, and energy harvesters for next-generation wearables and soft robotics. These systems must be able to conform to the shape of and survive the environment in which they must operate. They are typically fabricated on flexible plastic substrates or are printed/woven into fabrics.
The electronics industry is moving at a fast pace from standard, inflexible form factors to stretchable and conformable devices. Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics products are increasing weekly from wearables for healthcare to smart packaging, sensors, automotive tail lights and displays, flexible displays, photovoltaics and more.
Based on a new generation of advanced materials, printed, flexible and stretchable sensors and electronics will enable new possibilities in a diverse range of industries from healthcare to automotive to buildings. These technologies will drive innovation in smart medical technology, automotive, smart manufacturing, Internet of Things (IoT) and consumer electronics.
In the flexible displays market, electronics giants such as Samsung and LG Electronics are rolling our flexible, foldable and rollable smartphone and tablet products. LGs rollable LG Signature’s OLED TV R will be available in 2020 and foldable smartphones have already come to market.
Wearable and mobile health monitoring technologies have recently received enormous interest worldwide due to the rapidly aging global populations and the drastically increasing demand for in-home healthcare. Commercially available and near commercial wearable devices facilitate the transmission of biomedical informatics and personal health recording. Body worn sensors, which can provide real-time continuous measurement of pertinent physiological parameters noninvasively and comfortably for extended periods of time, are of crucial importance for emerging applications of mobile medicine. Wearable sensors that can wirelessly provide pertinent health information while remaining unobtrusive, comfortable, low cost, and easy to operate and interpret, play an essential role.
Battery and electronics producers require thin, flexible energy storage and conversion devices to power their wearable technology. The growth in flexible electronics has resulted in increased demand for flexible, stretchable, bendable, rollable and foldable batteries and supercapacitors as power sources for application in flexible and wearable devices.
Many major companies have integrated conductive and electronic ink and materials in applications ranging from photovoltaics to smart packaging. There are over 100 companies with products in this space for RFID, smart clothing, sensors, antennas and transistors. As well as advancing product security and consumer interaction, the use of smart inks and coatings in active and intelligent packaging can help reduce food waste and improve medical compliance-which would have significant environmental benefits.
Report contents include:
- Current applications, state of the art, market and products (including producers, functionalities, prices) in wearable electronics, medical and healthcare monitoring, electronics and smart textiles, energy for wearables, flexible, foldable and stretchable displays and conductive inks.
- Advanced materials used in wearables, displays, printed, flexible, foldable and stretchable electronics and sensors.
- Stage of commercialization for applications, from basic research to market entry. Markets covered include conductive inks, wearables and IoT, medical & healthcare sensors, electronic clothing & smart apparel, energy harvesting & storage, electronics components and flexible displays.
- Market figures for printable, flexible and stretchable electronics, by markets, materials and applications to 2027. Market impact of COVID-19 assessed.
- Profiles of over 400 product developers.
- 60 companies profiled in wearables including BeBop Sensors, dorsaVi Ltd., Epicore Biosystems, Equivital Inc., FeelIT, Hitachi, Ltd., Holst Centre, Magic Leap, miomove s.r.o and more. All smart watch and fitness tracker products profiled including functionalities and prices.
- 134 companies profiled in medical and healthcare wearables including 1drop Inc., Abbott, AerBetic, Inc., Alertgy, Aura Devices, Biobeat, BioIntelliSense, Cardiomo, CareWear, cosinuss, Dexcom, Embr Labs, Eccrine Systems, Gentag, i-Sens, WBD101 and more.
- 58 companies profiled in electronic textiles (E-textiles) including Ambiotex, BloomerTech, Chronolife, clim8, Emglare, Formosa Taffeta, Healthwatch Technologies, Hexoskin, Inuheat, Litex, Myant, SankiConsys Co., Ltd. and more.
- 32 companies profiled in energy storage and harvesting including Bionic Power, BrightVolt, Canatu Oy, ChivoTech, Enfucell Oy, Jenax, LG Chem and more.
- 57 companies profiled in printed, flexible and stretchable displays including C3Nano, Cambrios, iBeam, CurveSYS GmbH, Etulipa, Futaba, Kyulux, Samsung and more.
- 98 companies profiled in conductive ink including Ash Chemical, Cemedine, DuPont, EMS/Nagase, Henkel, Jujo Chemical, Panasonic, Taiyo, Toyobo, VFP Ink Technologies, and more.
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 40
- 1.1 The evolution of electronics 41
- 1.1.1 The wearables revolution 42
- 1.1.2 Wearable market leaders 44
- 1.1.3 Flexible, stretchable, thin, and large-area form factors 45
- 1.2 What are flexible and stretchable electronics? 46
- 1.2.1 From rigid to flexible and stretchable 46
- 1.2.2 Organic and printed electronics 48
- 1.2.3 New conductive materials 48
- 1.2.4 Foldable smartphones and tablets 51
- 1.3 Growth in flexible and stretchable electronics market 54
- 1.3.1 Recent growth in Printed, flexible and stretchable products 54
- 1.3.2 Future growth 54
- 1.3.3 Nanotechnology as a market driver 55
- 1.3.4 Growth in remote health monitoring and diagnostics 55
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 57
3 WEARABLE ELECTRONICS 58
- 3.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS 58
- 3.2 APPLICATIONS 61
- 3.2.1 Smartwatches 62
- 3.2.1.1 Main smart watch producers and products 63
- 3.2.2 Sports and fitness trackers 64
- 3.2.2.1 Products 65
- 3.2.3 Sleep trackers and wearable monitors 67
- 3.2.3.1 Products 68
- 3.2.4 Smart glasses and head-mounted displays (VR, AR, MR, vision loss and eye trackers) 69
- 3.2.4.1 Products 70
- 3.2.5 Military 73
- 3.2.6 Industrial and workplace monitoring 74
- 3.2.7 Flexible and stretchable electronics in wearables 75
- 3.2.8 Stretchable artificial skin 78
- 3.2.1 Smartwatches 62
- 3.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE 78
- 3.4 MARKET CHALLENGES 83
- 3.5 COMPANY PROFILES 84 (60 company profiles)
4 MEDICAL AND HEALTHCARE SENSORS AND WEARABLES 121
- 4.1 MARKET DRIVERS 121
- 4.2 CURRENT STATE OF THE ART 124
- 4.2.1 Monitoring solutions to track COVID-19 symptoms 128
- 4.2.1.1 Temperature and respiratory rate monitoring 128
- 4.3 APPLICATIONS 129
- 4.3.1 Companies and products 130
- 4.3.2 Electronic skin patches 135
- 4.3.3 Nanomaterials-based devices 136
- 4.3.4 Wearable health alert and monitoring devices 139
- 4.3.5 Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) 140
- 4.3.5.1 Minimally-invasive CGM sensors 141
- 4.3.5.2 Non-invasive CGM sensors 143
- 4.3.5.3 Companies and products 145
- 4.3.6 Cardiovascular 148
- 4.3.6.1 ECG sensors 149
- 4.3.6.2 PPG sensors 151
- 4.3.7 Pregnancy and newborn monitoring 152
- 4.3.8 Wearable temperature monitoring 153
- 4.3.9 Hydration sensors 155
- 4.3.10 Wearable sweat sensors (medical and sports) 156
- 4.3.10.1 Products 159
- 4.3.11 Wearable drug delivery 159
- 4.3.12 Cosmetics patches 161
- 4.4 Smart footwear 163
- 4.5 Smart contact lenses 164
- 4.6 Smart wound care 164
- 4.7 Wearable exoskeletons 166
- 4.8 Medical hearables 169
- 4.9 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE 171
- 4.10 MARKET CHALLENGES 173
- 4.11 COMPANY PROFILES 175 (134 company profiles)
5 ELECTRONIC TEXTILES (E-TEXTILES) AND SMART TEXTILES 260
- 5.1 MARKET DRIVERS 260
- 5.2 MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS 264
- 5.2.1 Conductive and stretchable yarns 265
- 5.2.2 Conductive polymers 266
- 5.2.2.1 PDMS 267
- 5.2.2.2 PEDOT: PSS 268
- 5.2.3 Conductive coatings 269
- 5.2.4 Conductive inks 270
- 5.2.5 Nanomaterials 272
- 5.2.5.1 Nanocoatings in smart textiles 274
- 5.2.5.2 Graphene 277
- 5.2.5.3 Nanofibers 278
- 5.2.5.4 Carbon nanotubes 280
- 5.2.6 Phase change materials 282
- 5.2.6.1 Temperature controlled fabrics 283
- 5.3 APPLICATIONS, MARKETS AND PRODUCTS 284
- 5.3.1 Smart clothing products 284
- 5.3.2 Temperature monitoring and regulation 287
- 5.3.3 Stretchable E-fabrics 288
- 5.3.4 Sport & fitness 289
- 5.3.5 Smart footwear 290
- 5.3.6 Military/Defence 291
- 5.3.7 Medical and healthcare 293
- 5.3.7.1 Biometric monitoring 294
- 5.3.7.2 ECG sensors 295
- 5.3.8 Industrial and workplace monitoring 297
- 5.3.9 Flexible and wearable display advertising 298
- 5.3.10 Powering E-textiles 298
- 5.3.10.1 Batteries 299
- 5.3.10.2 Supercapactitors 300
- 5.3.10.3 Energy harvesting 300
- 5.3.10.3.1 Photovoltaic solar textiles 301
- 5.3.10.3.2 Energy harvesting nanogenerators 302
- 5.3.10.3.2.1 TENGs 303
- 5.3.10.3.2.2 PENGs 303
- 5.3.10.3.3 Radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting 304
- 5.4 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE 304
- 5.5 MARKET CHALLENGES 307
- 5.6 COMPANY PROFILES 309 (63 company profiles)
6 PRINTED, FLEXIBLE AND STRETCHABLE ENERGY STORAGE AND HARVESTING 352
- 6.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS 352
- 6.2 CURRENT STATE OF THE ART 353
- 6.2.1 Products 353
- 6.2.2 Nanomaterials 354
- 6.3 APPLICATIONS 355
- 6.3.1 Flexible and stretchable batteries in electronics 355
- 6.3.1.1 Flexible and stretchable LIBs 356
- 6.3.1.1.1 Fiber-shaped Lithium-Ion batteries 359
- 6.3.1.1.2 Stretchable lithium-ion batteries 360
- 6.3.1.1.3 Origami and kirigami lithium-ion batteries 361
- 6.3.1.2 Flexible Zn-based batteries (ZIBs) 361
- 6.3.1.1 Flexible and stretchable LIBs 356
- 6.3.2 Flexible and stretchable supercapacitors 362
- 6.3.2.1 Materials 363
- 6.3.3 3D Printed batteries 365
- 6.3.4 Stretchable heaters 366
- 6.3.5 Flexible and stretchable solar cells 367
- 6.3.6 Stretchable nanogenerators 368
- 6.3.6.1 TENGs 368
- 6.3.6.2 PENGs 369
- 6.3.7 Photovoltaic solar textiles 369
- 6.3.1 Flexible and stretchable batteries in electronics 355
- 6.4 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE 371
- 6.5 MARKET CHALLENGES 374
- 6.6 COMPANY PROFILES 375 (33 company profiles)
7 PRINTED, FLEXIBLE AND STRETCHABLE DISPLAYS AND CONSUMER ELECTRONICS 400
- 7.1 MARKET DRIVERS 400
- 7.2 CURRENT STATE OF THE ART 401
- 7.2.1 Printed, flexible and stretchable circuit boards and interconnects 402
- 7.2.2 Printed, flexible and stretchable transistors 403
- 7.3 APPLICATIONS 403
- 7.3.1 Flexible AMOLEDs 405
- 7.3.2 Flexible PMOLED (Passive Matrix OLED) 407
- 7.3.3 Foldable and rollable OLED smartphones 407
- 7.3.4 Foldable and rollable OLED displays 408
- 7.3.5 Transparent displays 408
- 7.3.6 Curved automotive displays 410
- 7.3.7 Flexible and wearable display advertising 411
- 7.3.8 Flexible OLED lighting 411
- 7.3.9 Flexible quantum dot displays 412
- 7.3.9.1 Quantum dot enhancement film (QDEF) for current QLEDs 412
- 7.3.9.2 Quantum Dot on Glass (QDOG) 413
- 7.3.9.3 Quantum dot colour filters 414
- 7.3.9.4 Quantum dots on-chip 416
- 7.3.9.5 Electroluminescent quantum dots 417
- 7.3.9.6 QD-Micro-LEDs 417
- 7.3.10 Flexible electrophoretic displays 419
- 7.3.11 Electrowetting displays 420
- 7.3.12 Electrochromic Displays 420
- 7.3.12.1 Inorganic metal oxides 421
- 7.3.12.2 Organic EC materials 421
- 7.3.12.3 Nanomaterials 421
- 7.3.13 Flexible organic liquid crystal displays (OLCD) 422
- 7.4 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE 423
- 7.5 MARKET CHALLENGES 424
- 7.6 COMPANY PROFILES 426 (47 company profiles)
8 CONDUCTIVE INKS 458
- 8.1 MARKET DRIVERS 458
- 8.2 CONDUCTIVE INK TYPES 459
- 8.2.1 Conductive ink materials 460
- 8.3 PRINTING METHODS 461
- 8.3.1 Nanoparticle ink 465
- 8.4 Sintering 465
- 8.5 Conductive Filaments 466
- 8.6 Conductive films, foils and grids 466
- 8.7 Inkjet printing in flexible electronics 466
- 8.8 Drawn-on-skin electronics 467
- 8.9 CURRENT STATE OF THE ART 467
- 8.9.1 Current products 467
- 8.10 APPLICATIONS 468
- 8.10.1 Comparative properties 468
- 8.10.2 Nanomaterials in conductive inks 469
- 8.10.2.1 Graphene conductive inks 471
- 8.10.3 RFID 472
- 8.10.3.1 Printed RFID antennaes 472
- 8.10.4 Smart labels 473
- 8.10.5 Smart clothing and electronic textiles 473
- 8.10.6 Printed sensors 474
- 8.10.6.1 Strain sensors 474
- 8.10.7 Printed batteries 474
- 8.10.8 In-mold electronics 474
- 8.10.9 Printed transistors 475
- 8.11 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE 477
- 8.12 COMPANY PROFILES 479 (98 company profiles)
9 PRINTED, FLEXIBLE AND STRETCHABLE ELECTRONIC MATERIALS AND COMPOSITES 528
- 9.1 TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE FILMS (TCFs) 528
- 9.2 CARBON NANOTUBES 529
- 9.2.1 Properties 529
- 9.2.2 Properties utilized in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics 530
- 9.2.2.1 Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) 531
- 9.2.2.2 Double-walled carbon nanotubes 533
- 9.2.3 Applications in printed, flexible and stretchable electronics 533
- 9.3 CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS (CP) 537
- 9.3.1 Properties 537
- 9.3.1.1 PDMS 537
- 9.3.1.2 PEDOT: PSS 538
- 9.3.1.2.1 Transparency 538
- 9.3.2 Properties utilized in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics 538
- 9.3.3 Applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics 539
- 9.3.1 Properties 537
- 9.4 GRAPHENE 540
- 9.4.1 Properties 540
- 9.4.2 Properties utilized in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics 542
- 9.4.3 Applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics 543
- 9.4.3.1 Electrodes 543
- 9.4.3.2 Sensors 544
- 9.5 METAL MESH 547
- 9.5.1 Properties 547
- 9.5.2 Properties utilized in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics 548
- 9.5.3 Applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics 549
- 9.6 SILVER INK (Flake, nanoparticles, nanowires, ion) 550
- 9.6.1 Silver flake 550
- 9.6.2 Silver (Ag) nanoparticle ink 550
- 9.6.2.1 Conductivity 551
- 9.6.3 Silver nanowires 551
- 9.6.4 Prices 553
- 9.6.4.1 Cost for printed area 554
- 9.7 COPPER INK 555
- 9.7.1 Silver-coated copper 555
- 9.7.2 Copper (Cu) nanoparticle ink 555
- 9.7.3 Prices 556
- 9.8 NANOCELLULOSE 557
- 9.8.1 Properties 557
- 9.8.2 Properties utilized in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics 558
- 9.8.2.1 Cellulose nanofibers CNF 558
- 9.8.2.2 Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) 560
- 9.8.3 Applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics 560
- 9.8.3.1 Nanopaper 561
- 9.8.3.2 Paper memory 562
- 9.8.3.3 Conductive inks 563
- 9.9 NANOFIBERS 564
- 9.9.1 Properties 564
- 9.9.2 Properties utilized in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics 564
- 9.9.3 Applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics 564
- 9.10 GRAPHENE QUANTUM DOTS 566
- 9.10.1 Synthesis 567
- 9.10.2 Recent synthesis methods 568
- 9.11 ELECTROACTIVE POLYMERS (EAPS) 571
- 9.11.1 Properties 571
- 9.12 PEROVSKITE QUANTUM DOTS (PQDs) 572
- 9.12.1 Properties 572
- 9.12.2 Comparison to conventional quantum dots 573
- 9.12.3 Synthesis methods 573
- 9.12.4 Applications 574
- 9.12.4.1 Displays 574
- 9.13 OTHER TYPES 576
- 9.13.1 Gold (Au) nanoparticle ink 576
- 9.13.2 Siloxane inks 576
- 9.13.3 Copper nanowires 576
- 9.14 OTHER 2-D MATERIALS 577
- 9.14.1 BOROPHENE 577
- 9.14.1.1 Properties 577
- 9.14.1.2 Applications 577
- 9.14.2 BLACK PHOSPHORUS/PHOSPHORENE 578
- 9.14.2.1 Properties 578
- 9.14.2.2 Applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics 580
- 9.14.3 GRAPHITIC CARBON NITRIDE (g-C3N4) 580
- 9.14.3.1 Properties 580
- 9.14.3.2 Applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics 581
- 9.14.4 GERMANENE 581
- 9.14.4.1 Properties 582
- 9.14.4.2 Applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics 582
- 9.14.5 GRAPHDIYNE 583
- 9.14.5.1 Properties 583
- 9.14.5.2 Applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics 584
- 9.14.6 GRAPHANE 584
- 9.14.6.1 Properties 584
- 9.14.6.2 Applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics 584
- 9.14.7 HEXAGONAL BORON NITRIDE 585
- 9.14.7.1 Properties 585
- 9.14.7.2 Applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics 586
- 9.14.8 MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MoS2) 586
- 9.14.8.1 Properties 587
- 9.14.8.2 Applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics 588
- 9.14.9 RHENIUM DISULFIDE (ReS2) AND DISELENIDE (ReSe2) 589
- 9.14.9.1 Properties 589
- 9.14.9.2 Applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics 590
- 9.14.10 SILICENE 590
- 9.14.10.1 Properties 590
- 9.14.10.2 Applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics 591
- 9.14.11 STANENE/TINENE 592
- 9.14.11.1 Properties 592
- 9.14.11.2 Applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics 593
- 9.14.12 TUNGSTEN DISELENIDE 593
- 9.14.12.1 Properties 594
- 9.14.12.2 Applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics 594
- 9.14.13 ANTIMONENE 594
- 9.14.13.1 Properties 594
- 9.14.13.2 Applications 594
- 9.14.14 INDIUM SELENIDE 595
- 9.14.14.1 Properties 595
- 9.14.14.2 Applications 595
10 REFERENCES 597
Tables
- Table 1. Types of wearable devices and applications. 40
- Table 2. Wearable market leaders by market segment. 41
- Table 3. Advanced materials for Printed, flexible and stretchable sensors and Electronics-Advantages and disadvantages. 45
- Table 4. Sheet resistance (RS) and transparency (T) values for transparent conductive oxides and alternative materials for transparent conductive electrodes (TCE). 46
- Table 5. Foldable smartphones and tablets, on or near market. 48
- Table 6. Market drivers for printed, flexible and stretchable electronics for wearables and IoT. 55
- Table 7. Main smart watch producers and products. 60
- Table 8. Wearable sensors for sports performance. 62
- Table 9. Wearable sensor products for monitoring sport performance. 63
- Table 10. Wearable sleep tracker products. 65
- Table 11. Smart glasses companies and products. 67
- Table 12.Wearable electronics applications in the military. 71
- Table 13. Applications in printed, flexible and stretchable electronics, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof. 73
- Table 14. Global market for wearable electronics, 2015-2027, by product type, billions $. 77
- Table 15.Market challenges in wearable electronics and IoT. 80
- Table 16. Market drivers for printed, flexible and stretchable medical and healthcare sensors and wearables. 118
- Table 17. Examples of wearable medical device products. 122
- Table 18. Medical wearable companies applying products to COVID-19 monitoring and analysis. 125
- Table 19. Applications in flexible and stretchable health monitors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof. 134
- Table 20. Wearable bio-signal monitoring devices. 136
- Table 21. Technologies for minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose detection-advantages and disadvantages. 138
- Table 22. Commercial devices for non-invasive glucose monitoring not released or withdrawn from market. 141
- Table 23. Minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose monitoring products. 142
- Table 24. Companies developing wearable swear sensors. 156
- Table 25. Wearable drug delivery companies and products. 157
- Table 26. Companies and products, cosmetics and drug delivery patches. 159
- Table 27.Companies and products in smart footwear. 160
- Table 28.Companies and products in smart contact lenses. 161
- Table 29. Companies and products in smart wound care. 163
- Table 30. Companies developing wearable exoskeletons. 164
- Table 31. Companies and products in hearables. 166
- Table 32. Global medical and healthcare wearables market, 2017-2027, billions $, by product. 169
- Table 33. Market challenges in medical and healthcare sensors and wearables. 170
- Table 34. Market drivers for printed, flexible, stretchable and organic electronic textiles. 257
- Table 35. Types of smart textiles. 259
- Table 36. Examples of smart textile products. 260
- Table 37. Types of smart textiles. 261
- Table 38. Examples of smart textile products. 261
- Table 39. Types of flexible conductive polymers, properties and applications. 265
- Table 40. Typical conductive ink formulation. 267
- Table 41. Comparative properties of conductive inks. 268
- Table 42. Applications in textiles, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof. 269
- Table 43. Nanocoatings applied in the textiles industry-type of coating, nanomaterials utilized, benefits and applications. 271
- Table 44. Applications and benefits of graphene in textiles and apparel. 274
- Table 45. Properties of CNTs and comparable materials. 277
- Table 46. Applications and markets for e-textiles. 281
- Table 47. Commercially available smart clothing products. 281
- Table 48. Electronic textiles products. 283
- Table 49. Heated jacket products. 284
- Table 50. Examples of materials used in flexible heaters and applications. 284
- Table 51.Companies and products in smart footwear. 288
- Table 52.Wearable electronics applications in the military. 289
- Table 53. Comparison of prototype batteries (flexible, textile, and other) in terms of area-specific performance. 296
- Table 54. Global electronic textiles and smart clothing market 2017-2030, revenues (billions USD). 302
- Table 55. Market challenges in E-textiles. 304
- Table 56. Market drivers and trends for Printed, flexible and stretchable electronic energy storage and harvesting. 349
- Table 57. Wearable energy storage and energy harvesting products. 351
- Table 58. Nanomaterials in flexible and stretchable batteries, by materials type and benefits thereof. 351
- Table 59. Applications in flexible and stretchable supercapacitors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof. 361
- Table 60. Examples of materials used in flexible heaters and applications. 363
- Table 61. Global thin film, flexible and printed batteries market 2017-2027, revenues (millions USD) by applications. 369
- Table 62. Market challenges in printed, flexible and stretchable energy storage. 371
- Table 63. Market drivers for Printed, flexible and stretchable displays and electronic components. 397
- Table 64. Printed, flexible and stretchable displays products. 398
- Table 65. Applications in flexible and stretchable circuit boards, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof. 399
- Table 66. Foldable display products and prototypes. 404
- Table 67. Companies developing transparent display products. 407
- Table 68. Companies developing curved automotive displays. 407
- Table 69: QD colour filter options and advantages. 411
- Table 70. Types of electrochromic materials and applications. 417
- Table 71. Market challenges in printed, flexible and stretchable displays and consumer electronics. 421
- Table 72. Market drivers and trends for Printed, flexible and stretchable conductive inks. 455
- Table 73. Typical conductive ink formulation. 457
- Table 74. Comparative properties of conductive inks. 458
- Table 75. Characteristics of analog printing processes for conductive inks. 459
- Table 76. Characteristics of digital printing processes for conductive inks. 460
- Table 77. Printable electronics products. 464
- Table 78. Comparative properties of conductive inks. 465
- Table 79. Applications in conductive inks by type and benefits thereof. 466
- Table 80. Price comparison of thin-film transistor (TFT) electronics technology. 473
- Table 81. Global market for conductive inks 2017-2027, revenues (million $), by ink types. 475
- Table 82. Comparison of ITO replacements. 525
- Table 83. Properties of CNTs and comparable materials. 527
- Table 84. Market and applications for SWCNTs in transparent conductive films. 531
- Table 85. Companies developing carbon nanotubes for applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics. 533
- Table 86. Types of flexible conductive polymers, properties and applications. 535
- Table 87. Properties of graphene. 537
- Table 88.Graphene properties relevant to application in sensors. 542
- Table 89. Companies developing graphene for applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics. 542
- Table 90. Advantages and disadvantages of fabrication techniques to produce metal mesh structures. 544
- Table 91.Types of flexible conductive polymers, properties and applications. 545
- Table 92. Companies developing metal mesh for applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics. 546
- Table 93. Silver nanocomposite ink after sintering and resin bonding of discrete electronic components. 548
- Table 94. Nanocellulose properties. 554
- Table 95. Properties and applications of nanocellulose 555
- Table 96. Properties of flexible electronics‐cellulose nanofiber film (nanopaper). 555
- Table 97. Properties of flexible electronics cellulose nanofiber films. 558
- Table 98.Companies developing nanocellulose for applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics. 560
- Table 99. Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs. 563
- Table 100. Comparative properties of conventional QDs and Perovskite QDs. 570
- Table 101. Applications of perovskite QDs. 571
- Table 102. Properties of perovskite QLEDs comparative to OLED and QLED. 572
- Table 103. Electronic and mechanical properties of monolayer phosphorene, graphene and MoS2. 576
Figures
- Figure 1. Evolution of electronics. 39
- Figure 2. Wove Band. 43
- Figure 3. Wearable graphene medical sensor. 44
- Figure 4. Applications timeline for organic and printed electronics. 45
- Figure 5. Xiaomi MIX Flex. 51
- Figure 6. Baby Monitor. 53
- Figure 7. Wearable health monitor incorporating graphene photodetectors. 53
- Figure 8. Applications of wearable flexible sensors worn on various body parts. 59
- Figure 9. Wearable bio-fluid monitoring system for monitoring of hydration. 62
- Figure 10. Beddr SleepTuner. 65
- Figure 11. Vuzix Blade. 66
- Figure 12. NReal Light MR smart glasses. 67
- Figure 13. Wearable gas sensor. 72
- Figure 14.Stretchable transistor. 73
- Figure 15. Artificial skin prototype for gesture recognition. 75
- Figure 16. Global market for wearables, 2015-2027, by product type, billions US$. 76
- Figure 17. Global market for hearables, 2017-2027, by product type, billions $. 78
- Figure 18. Global market for wearables, 2015-2027, by market share of product type 79
- Figure 19.Connected human body and product examples. 122
- Figure 20. Companies and products in wearable health monitoring and rehabilitation devices and products. 127
- Figure 21. Smart e-skin system comprising health-monitoring sensors, displays, and ultra flexible PLEDs. 133
- Figure 22.Graphene medical patch. 134
- Figure 23. Graphene-based E-skin patch. 134
- Figure 24. Technologies for minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose detection. 137
- Figure 25. Schematic of non-invasive CGM sensor. 141
- Figure 26. Adhesive wearable CGM sensor. 142
- Figure 27. VitalPatch. 146
- Figure 28. Wearable ECG-textile. 146
- Figure 29. Wearable ECG recorder. 147
- Figure 30. Nexkin™. 148
- Figure 31. Bloomlife. 150
- Figure 32. Enfucell wearable temperature tag. 151
- Figure 33. TempTraQ wearable wireless thermometer. 152
- Figure 34. Nanowire skin hydration patch. 152
- Figure 35. NIX sensors. 153
- Figure 36. Wearable sweat sensor. 153
- Figure 37. Wearable sweat sensor. 154
- Figure 38. Gatorade's GX Sweat Patch. 155
- Figure 39. Sweat sensor incorporated into face mask. 155
- Figure 40. Lab-on-Skin™. 156
- Figure 41. D-mine Pump. 157
- Figure 42.My UV Patch. 158
- Figure 43. Overview layers of L'Oreal skin patch. 159
- Figure 44. Digitsole Smartshoe. 160
- Figure 45. Schematic of smart wound dressing. 162
- Figure 46. REPAIR electronic patch concept. Image courtesy of the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. 163
- Figure 47. Honda Walking Assist. 164
- Figure 48. Nuheara IQbuds² Max. 166
- Figure 49. Global medical and healthcare wearables market, 2017-2027, billions $, by product. 168
- Figure 50. Global market for medical and healthcare sensors and wearables, 2015-2027, by market share of product type. 170
- Figure 51. Conductive yarns. 262
- Figure 52. Conductive yarns. 263
- Figure 53. SEM image of cotton fibers with PEDOT:PSS coating. 264
- Figure 54. Applications of graphene in smart textiles and apparel. 275
- Figure 55. PCM cooling vest. 281
- Figure 56. Myant sleeve tracks biochemical indicators in sweat. 286
- Figure 57. iStimUweaR . 287
- Figure 58. Digitsole Smartshoe. 288
- Figure 59. Wearable medical technology. 291
- Figure 60. VitalPatch. 292
- Figure 61. Wearable ECG-textile. 292
- Figure 62. Wearable ECG recorder. 293
- Figure 63. Nexkin™. 294
- Figure 64. Wearable gas sensor. 295
- Figure 65. Basketball referee Royole fully flexible display. 295
- Figure 66. Micro-scale energy scavenging techniques. 298
- Figure 67. Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper. 299
- Figure 68 . 3D print piezoelectric material. 300
- Figure 69. Global electronic textiles and smart clothing market 2017-2030, revenues (billions USD). 303
- Figure 70. Global market for electronic textiles and smart clothing, 2017-2027, by market share of product type. 304
- Figure 71. Graphene dress. The dress changes colour in sync with the wearer’s breathing. 315
- Figure 72. Descante Solar Thermo insulated jacket. 316
- Figure 73. G+ Graphene Aero Jersey. 317
- Figure 74. Flexible batteries on the market. 351
- Figure 75. Printed 1.5V battery. 353
- Figure 76. Materials and design structures in flexible lithium ion batteries. 353
- Figure 77. LiBEST flexible battery. 354
- Figure 78. Schematic of the structure of stretchable LIBs. 354
- Figure 79. Electrochemical performance of materials in flexible LIBs. 355
- Figure 80. Carbon nanotubes incorporated into flexible, rechargeable yarn batteries. 357
- Figure 81. (A) Schematic overview of a flexible supercapacitor as compared to conventional supercapacitor. 360
- Figure 82. Stretchable graphene supercapacitor. 362
- Figure 83. Origami-like silicon solar cells. 365
- Figure 84. Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper. 367
- Figure 85. Global market for electronics and smart textiles, 2017-2027, by market share of product type. 369
- Figure 86. Global thin film, flexible and printed batteries market 2017-2027, revenues (millions USD) by applications. 370
- Figure 87. PowerWalk®. 374
- Figure 88. Hitz all-solid-state lithium-ion battery. 382
- Figure 89. ZincPoly™ Battery. 384
- Figure 90. J.Flex. 385
- Figure 91. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production. 388
- Figure 92. TEM images of carbon nanobrush. 389
- Figure 93. Thin film transistor incorporating SWCNTs. 400
- Figure 94. LG Signature OLED TV R. 401
- Figure 95. Flexible display. 402
- Figure 96. AMOLED schematic. 403
- Figure 97. Mirage smart speaker with wraparound touch display. 404
- Figure 98. Rollable display producers and products. 405
- Figure 99. LG Display transparent OLED touch display. 406
- Figure 100. Transparent display in subway carriage window. 406
- Figure 101. Basketball referee Royole fully flexible display. 408
- Figure 102. LG OLED flexible lighting panel. 409
- Figure 103. Flexible OLED incorporated into automotive headlight. 409
- Figure 104. Quantum dot film schematic. 410
- Figure 105: Quantum Dots on Glass schematic. 411
- Figure 106: Samsung 8K 65" QD Glass. 411
- Figure 107: QD/OLED hybrid schematic. 413
- Figure 108: Electroluminescent quantum dots schematic. 414
- Figure 109: The Wall microLED display. 415
- Figure 110: Individual red, green and blue microLED arrays based on quantum dots. 415
- Figure 111. Flexible & stretchable LEDs based on quantum dots. 416
- Figure 112. LECTUM® display. 417
- Figure 113. Argil electrochromic film integrated with polycarbonate lenses. 419
- Figure 114. Organic LCD with a 10-mm bend radius. 419
- Figure 115. Global flexible, foldable and rollable OLED revenues, 2017-2030 (billion $). 420
- Figure 116. Global foldable displays revenues by application, 2018-2030 (millions $). 421
- Figure 117. BGT Materials graphene ink product. 469
- Figure 118. Flexible RFID tag. 470
- Figure 119. Stretchable material for formed an in-molded electronics. 472
- Figure 120. Wearable patch with a skin-compatible, pressure-sensitive adhesive. 472
- Figure 121. Thin film transistor incorporating CNTs. 473
- Figure 122. Global market for conductive inks 2017-2027, revenues (million $), by ink types. 474
- Figure 123. Talcoat graphene mixed with paint. 517
- Figure 124. Transparent conductive switches-PEDOT. 525
- Figure 125. CNT stretchable Resin Film. 528
- Figure 126. Schematic of single-walled carbon nanotube. 529
- Figure 127. Flexible CNT CMOS integrated circuits with sub-10 nanoseconds stage delays. 530
- Figure 128. Stretchable SWNT memory and logic devices for wearable electronics. 530
- Figure 129. CNT transparent conductive film formed on glass and schematic diagram of its structure. 531
- Figure 130. Stretchable carbon aerogel incorporating carbon nanotubes. 534
- Figure 131. Graphene layer structure schematic. 539
- Figure 132. Flexible graphene touch screen. 540
- Figure 133. Graphene electrochromic devices. 541
- Figure 134. Flexible mobile phones with graphene transparent conductive film. 541
- Figure 135. Large-area metal mesh touch panel. 544
- Figure 136. Bending durability of Ag nanowires. 550
- Figure 137. Flexible silver nanowire wearable mesh. 550
- Figure 138. Copper based inks on flexible substrate. 552
- Figure 139. Cellulose nanofiber films. 556
- Figure 140. Nanocellulose photoluminescent paper. 557
- Figure 141. LEDs shining on circuitry imprinted on a 5x5cm sheet of CNF. 558
- Figure 142. Foldable nanopaper. 559
- Figure 143. Foldable nanopaper antenna. 559
- Figure 144. Paper memory (ReRAM). 560
- Figure 145. A pQLED device structure. 570
- Figure 146. Development roadmap for perovskite QDs. 571
- Figure 147. Perovskite quantum dots under UV light. 572
- Figure 148. Borophene schematic. 574
- Figure 149. Black phosphorus structure. 575
- Figure 150. Black Phosphorus crystal. 576
- Figure 151. Bottom gated flexible few-layer phosphorene transistors with the hydrophobic dielectric encapsulation. 577
- Figure 152. Graphitic carbon nitride. 578
- Figure 153. Schematic of germanene. 579
- Figure 154. Graphdiyne structure. 580
- Figure 155. Schematic of Graphane crystal. 581
- Figure 156. Structure of hexagonal boron nitride. 582
- Figure 157. Structure of 2D molybdenum disulfide. 584
- Figure 158. SEM image of MoS2. 584
- Figure 159. Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor. 585
- Figure 160. Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge. 586
- Figure 161. Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulphide. 586
- Figure 162. Silicene structure. 587
- Figure 163. Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate. 588
- Figure 164. Silicene transistor. 589
- Figure 165. Crystal structure for stanene. 589
- Figure 166. Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111). 590
- Figure 167. Schematic of tungsten diselenide. 591
- Figure 168. Schematic of Indium Selenide (InSe). 592
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