The Global Market for Printable, Flexible and Stretchable Sensors and Electronics 2017-2027

“An excellent report on the printable and flexible electronics market.” Florian Theisen, Heraeus.

Based on a new generation of advanced materials, printed, flexible and stretchable sensors and electronics will enable new possibilities in a diverse range of industries from healthcare to automotive to buildings.

The recent growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) and wearables has created the need for electronics and sensor systems that are small, lightweight, mechanically flexible and low-power. These systems must also be able to conform to the shape of and survive the environment in which they must operate. They are typically fabricated on flexible plastic substrates or are printed/woven into fabrics. Applications covered in this report include:

Electronic components and displays

Multilayer printing of circuitry.
Large-area electronic-based sensors for Internet of Things (IoT)
Organic-semiconductor based circuits.
Highly stretchable large-area sensors.
Large-area flexible electronic devices.
Inkjet-printed stretchable electrodes.
Stretchable, biocompatible and biodegradable substrates.
Wireless sensors and networks.
Structural monitoring.

Energy harvesting and storage

RF, piezo and thermal harvesting.
Flexible PV cells.
Printed PV cells.
Printed flexible energy harvesting devices.
OLED lighting.
Novel interconnects.
Printable batteries and supercapacitors.
Flexible thermoelectric devices.

Smart wearables

Smarter and lighter wearable consumer electronics.
Stretchable/ultra-flexible electronics.
Fitness monitoring.
Biosensors for sports.

Automotive

Integrated dashboards.
Flexible OLEDs.

Healthcare and medical

Health monitoring devices, including intelligent patches and bandages for medical treatments.
Flexible X-ray imaging.
On-body ECG monitoring.
Biosensors and electronics to interface biological tissue.
Artificial skins.
Printed and Flexible Sensors for Vital Signs Monitoring.

Development areas covered include:

New organic semiconducting materials for organic electronics.
Conductive inks for 2D and 3D printed devices.
Flexible IGZO backplanes.
Stretchable thermoformed inks.
OTFTs (organic thin-film transistors).
Solution processed polymer semiconductors for thin-film transistors.
Transparent conducting films (TCF) for touch sensors.
Organic thin film transistors (OTFT).
Organic photodetectors (OPD).
Nanomaterials based printed, flexible and stretchable electronics and applications.
Graphene for flexible electronics.
Flexible transparent conductive electrodes for Organic Devices.
Hybrid transparent conductors for deformable displays.

Report contents include:

Current and future printable, flexible and stretchable products.
Advanced materials used in printable, flexible and stretchable electronics and sensors.
Stage of commercialization for applications, from basic research to market entry. Markets covered include conductive inks, wearables and IoT, medical & healthcare sensors, electronic clothing & smart apparel, energy harvesting & storage, electronics components and flexible displays.
Market drivers and trends.
Market figures for conductive inks, by materials type and revenues to 2027.
Market figures for inkjetable conductive inks to 2027.
Global market revenues for wearable electronics to 2027.
Global transparent conductive electrodes market forecast by materials type.
Addressable market for smart textiles and wearables in medical and healthcare.
Global market for thin film, flexible and printed batteries to 2027.
Global smart clothing and apparel market revenues to 2027.
Global market for flexible OLED displays to 2027.
Over 250 in-depth company profiles.

Published December 2017 | 342 pages | Table of contents

The Global Market for Printable, Flexible and Stretchable Sensors and Electronics 2017-2027

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The Global Market for Printable, Flexible and Stretchable Sensors and Electronics 2017-2027

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The Global Market for Printable, Flexible and Stretchable Sensors and Electronics 2017-2027

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY…………………………………………………………. 28

1.1 The evolution of electronics……………………………………………………………………………………………. 28
- 1.1.1 The wearables revolution……………………………………………………………………………………….. 29
- 1.1.2 Flexible, thin, and large-area form factors………………………………………………………………. 30
1.2 What are flexible and stretchable electronics?……………………………………………………………….. 32
- 1.2.1 From rigid to flexible and stretchable……………………………………………………………………… 32
- 1.2.2 Organic and printed electronics……………………………………………………………………………… 34
- 1.2.3 New conductive materials………………………………………………………………………………………. 35
1.3 Growth in flexible and stetchable electronics market……………………………………………………… 38
- 1.3.1 Recent growth in printable, flexible and stretchable products………………………………… 38
- 1.3.2 Future growth…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 39
- 1.3.3 Nanotechnology as a market driver……………………………………………………………………….. 40
- 1.3.4 Growth in remote health monitoring and diagnostics……………………………………………… 41

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………………………………………………… 44

3 PRINTABLE, FLEXIBLE AND STRETCHABLE ELECTRONIC MATERIALS AND COMPOSITES………………………………………………… 45

3.1 CARBON NANOTUBES…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 45
- 3.1.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 45
- 3.1.2 Properties utilized in printable, flexible and stretchable electronics………………………… 46
  - 3.1.2.1 Single-walled carbon nanotubes……………………………………………………………………. 47
- 3.1.3 Applications in printable, flexible and stretchable electronics…………………………………. 49
3.2 CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS (CP)…………………………………………………………………………………… 51
- 3.2.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 51
  - 3.2.1.1 PDMS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 51
  - 3.2.1.2 PEDOT: PSS…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 52
- 3.2.2 Properties utilized in printable, flexible and stretchable electronics………………………… 52
- 3.2.3 Applications in printable, flexible and stretchable electronics…………………………………. 53
3.3 GRAPHENE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 54
- 3.3.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 54
- 3.3.2 Properties utilized in printable, flexible and stretchable electronics………………………… 56
- 3.3.3 Applications in printable, flexible and stretchable electronics…………………………………. 57
3.4 METAL MESH………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 59
- 3.4.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 59
- 3.4.2 Properties utilized in printable, flexible and stretchable electronics………………………… 61
- 3.4.3 Applications in printable, flexible and stretchable electronics…………………………………. 62
3.5 METAL NANOWIRES…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 63
- 3.5.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 63
- 3.5.2 Properties utilized in printable, flexible and stretchable electronics………………………… 63
- 3.5.3 Applications in printable, flexible and stretchable electronics…………………………………. 65
3.6 NANOCELLULOSE………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 66
- 3.6.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 66
- 3.6.2 Properties utilized in printable, flexible and stretchable electronics………………………… 68
- 3.6.3 Applications in printable, flexible and stretchable electronics…………………………………. 69
  - 3.6.3.1 Nanopaper…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 71
  - 3.6.3.2 Paper memory……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 73
3.7 NANOFIBERS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 75
- 3.7.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 75
- 3.7.2 Properties utilized in printable, flexible and stretchable electronics………………………… 75
- 3.7.3 Applications in printable, flexible and stretchable electronics…………………………………. 75
3.8 QUANTUM DOTS………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 76
- 3.8.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 76
- 3.8.2 Properties utilized in printable, flexible and stretchable electronics………………………… 78
- 3.8.3 Applications in printable, flexible and stretchable electronics…………………………………. 79
3.9 GRAPHENE AND CARBON QUANTUM DOTS…………………………………………………………….. 79
- 3.9.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 80
- 3.9.2 Applications in printable, flexible and stretchable electronics…………………………………. 82
3.10 OTHER 2-D MATERIALS…………………………………………………………………………………………… 83
- 3.10.1 Black phosphorus/Phosphorene………………………………………………………………………… 83
  - 3.10.1.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 83
  - 3.10.1.2 Applications in printable, flexible and stretchable electronics………………………… 85
- 3.10.2 C₂N…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 85
  - 3.10.2.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 86
  - 3.10.2.2 Applications in printable, flexible and stretchable electronics………………………… 86
- 3.10.3 Germanene………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 87
  - 3.10.3.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 87
  - 3.10.3.2 Applications in printable, flexible and stretchable electronics………………………… 88
- 3.10.4 Graphdiyne………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 88
  - 3.10.4.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 89
  - 3.10.4.2 Applications in printable, flexible and stretchable electronics………………………… 89
- 3.10.5 Graphane…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 90
  - 3.10.5.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 90
  - 3.10.5.2 Applications in printable, flexible and stretchable electronics………………………… 90
- 3.10.6 Boron nitride………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 91
  - 3.10.6.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 92
  - 3.10.6.2 Applications in printable, flexible and stretchable electronics………………………… 92
- 3.10.7 Molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂)…………………………………………………………………………….. 92
  - 3.10.7.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 93
  - 3.10.7.2 Applications in printable, flexible and stretchable electronics………………………… 93
- 3.10.8 Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2)……………………………………………. 95
  - 3.10.8.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 96
  - 3.10.8.2 Applications in printable, flexible and stretchable electronics………………………… 96
- 3.10.9 Silicene………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 96
  - 3.10.9.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 97
  - 3.10.9.2 Applications in printable, flexible and stretchable electronics………………………… 98
- 3.10.10 Stanene/tinene…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 99
  - 3.10.10.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………… 100
  - 3.10.10.2 Applications in printable, flexible and stretchable electronics…………………… 101
- 3.10.11 Tungsten diselenide…………………………………………………………………………………………. 101
  - 3.10.11.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………… 102
  - 3.10.11.2 Applications in printable, flexible and stretchable electronics…………………… 102

4 PRINTABLE, FLEXIBLE AND STRETCHABLE CONDUCTIVE INKS 103

4.1 MARKET DRIVERS……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 103
4.2 APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 104
- 4.2.1 Current products…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 105
- 4.2.2 Advanced materials solutions………………………………………………………………………………. 105
- 4.2.3 RFID…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 111
- 4.2.4 Smart labels…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 113
- 4.2.5 Smart clothing………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 114
- 4.2.6 Printable sensors…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 114
- 4.2.7 Printed batteries…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 114
- 4.2.8 Printable antennas……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 116
- 4.2.9 In-mold electronics……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 117
- 4.2.10 Printed transistors……………………………………………………………………………………………. 118
4.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE………………………………………………………………………………………………. 120
4.4 COMPANY PROFILES………………………………………………………………………………………………… 122-158 (86 company profiles)

5 PRINTABLE, FLEXIBLE AND STRETCHABLE SENSORS FOR WEARABLE ELECTRONICS AND IOT……………………………………….. 159

5.1 MARKET DRIVERS……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 159
5.2 APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 163
- 5.2.1 Current state of the art…………………………………………………………………………………………. 164
- 5.2.2 Advanced materials solutions………………………………………………………………………………. 166
- 5.2.3 Transparent conductive films……………………………………………………………………………….. 167
  - 5.2.3.1 Carbon nanotubes (SWNT)…………………………………………………………………………. 172
  - 5.2.3.2 Double-walled carbon nanotubes………………………………………………………………… 173
  - 5.2.3.3 Graphene…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 173
  - 5.2.3.4 Silver nanowires………………………………………………………………………………………….. 175
  - 5.2.3.5 Nanocellulose………………………………………………………………………………………………. 177
  - 5.2.3.6 Copper nanowires……………………………………………………………………………………….. 181
  - 5.2.3.7 Nanofibers…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 181
- 5.2.4 Wearable sensors………………………………………………………………………………………………… 181
  - 5.2.4.1 Current stage of the art………………………………………………………………………………… 181
  - 5.2.4.2 Advanced materials solutions………………………………………………………………………. 184
  - 5.2.4.3 Wearable gas sensors…………………………………………………………………………………. 189
  - 5.2.4.4 Wearable strain sensors………………………………………………………………………………. 191
  - 5.2.4.5 Wearable tactile sensors……………………………………………………………………………… 191
  - 5.2.4.6 Industrial monitoring…………………………………………………………………………………….. 191
  - 5.2.4.7 Military…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 192
5.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE………………………………………………………………………………………………. 193
5.3.1 Transparent conductive electrodes………………………………………………………………………. 195
5.4 COMPANY PROFILES………………………………………………………………………………………………… 196-221 (59 company profiles)

6 PRINTABLE, FLEXIBLE AND STRETCHABLE MEDICAL AND HEALTHCARE SENSORS AND WEARABLES……………………………. 223

6.1 MARKET DRIVERS……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 223
6.2 APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 225
- 6.2.1 Current state of the art…………………………………………………………………………………………. 226
- 6.2.2 Advanced materials solutions………………………………………………………………………………. 231
  - 6.2.2.1 Skin sensors………………………………………………………………………………………………… 231
  - 6.2.2.2 Nanomaterials-based devices……………………………………………………………………… 232
- 6.2.3 Printable, flexible and stretchable health monitors……………………………………………….. 233
  - 6.2.3.1 Patch-type skin sensors………………………………………………………………………………. 235
  - 6.2.3.2 Skin temperature monitoring………………………………………………………………………… 239
  - 6.2.3.3 Hydration sensors………………………………………………………………………………………… 240
  - 6.2.3.4 Wearable sweat sensors……………………………………………………………………………… 241
  - 6.2.3.5 UV patches………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 243
  - 6.2.3.6 Smart footwear…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 245
6.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE………………………………………………………………………………………………. 245
6.4 COMPANY PROFILES………………………………………………………………………………………………… 247-260 (34 company profiles)

7 PRINTABLE, FLEXIBLE AND STRETCHABLE ELECTRONIC CLOTHING AND APPAREL………………………………………………………. 262

7.1 MARKET DRIVERS……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 262
7.2 APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 264
- 7.2.1 Current state of the art…………………………………………………………………………………………. 265
- 7.2.2 Advanced materials solutions………………………………………………………………………………. 267
- 7.2.3 Conductive yarns…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 275
- 7.2.4 Conductive coatings…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 276
- 7.2.5 Smart helmets………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 278
7.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE………………………………………………………………………………………………. 279
7.4 COMPANY PROFILES………………………………………………………………………………………………… 282-295 (34 company profiles)

8 PRINTABLE, FLEXIBLE AND STRETCHABLE ENERGY STORAGE AND CONVERSION………………………………………………………………….. 297

8.1 MARKET DRIVERS……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 297
8.2 APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 299
- 8.2.1 Current state of the art…………………………………………………………………………………………. 299
- 8.2.2 Advanced materials solutions………………………………………………………………………………. 302
  - 8.2.2.1 Flexible and stretchable batteries………………………………………………………………… 302
  - 8.2.2.2 Flexible and stretchable supercapacitors…………………………………………………….. 304
  - 8.2.2.3 Fiber-shaped Lithium-Ion batteries………………………………………………………………. 307
  - 8.2.2.4 Flexible OLED lighting…………………………………………………………………………………. 307
  - 8.2.2.5 Quantum dot lighting……………………………………………………………………………………. 308
  - 8.2.2.6 Solar energy harvesting textiles…………………………………………………………………… 309
  - 8.2.2.7 Stretchable piezoelectric energy harvesting………………………………………………… 313
  - 8.2.2.8 Stretchable triboelectric energy harvesting………………………………………………….. 313
8.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE………………………………………………………………………………………………. 314
8.4 COMPANY PROFILES………………………………………………………………………………………………… 316-322 (16 company profiles)

9 PRINTABLE, FLEXIBLE AND STRETCHABLE DISPLAYS AND ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS…………………………………………………… 324

9.1 MARKET DRIVERS……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 324
9.2 APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 324
- 9.2.1 Printable, flexible and stretchable circuit boards and interconnects……………………… 326
- 9.2.2 Printable, flexible and stretchable transistors……………………………………………………….. 326
- 9.2.3 Flexible displays…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 327
  - 9.2.3.1 Flexible LCDs………………………………………………………………………………………………. 328
  - 9.2.3.2 Flexible OLEDs (FOLED)…………………………………………………………………………….. 329
  - 9.2.3.3 Flexible AMOLED………………………………………………………………………………………… 331
  - 9.2.3.4 Flexible electrophoretic displays………………………………………………………………….. 333
9.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE………………………………………………………………………………………………. 334
9.4 COMPANY PROFILES………………………………………………………………………………………………… 334-341 (17 company profiles)

TABLES

Table 1: Evolution of wearable devices, 2011-2017……………………………………………………………………. 29
Table 2: Advanced materials for printable, flexible and stretchable sensors and Electronics-Advantages and disadvantages……………………………………………………………………………………………. 36
Table 3: Sheet resistance (RS) and transparency (T) values for transparent conductive oxides and alternative materials for transparent conductive electrodes (TCE)……………………………………….. 37
Table 4: Markets for wearable devices and applications…………………………………………………………….. 39
Table 5: Properties of CNTs and comparable materials……………………………………………………………… 45
Table 6: Companies developing carbon nanotubes for applications in printable, flexible and stretchable electronics………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 50
Table 7: Types of flexible conductive polymers, properties and applications……………………………… 52
Table 8: Properties of graphene…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 55
Table 9: Companies developing graphene for applications in printable, flexible and stretchable electronics…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 58
Table 10: Advantages and disadvantages of fabrication techniques to produce metal mesh structures……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 60
Table 11: Types of flexible conductive polymers, properties and applications……………………………. 61
Table 12: Companies developing metal mesh for applications in printable, flexible and stretchable electronics…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 62
Table 13: Companies developing silver nanowires for applications in printable, flexible and stretchable electronics………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 65
Table 14: Nanocellulose properties…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 67
Table 15: Properties and applications of nanocellulose………………………………………………………………. 67
Table 16: Properties of flexible electronics‐cellulose nanofiber film (nanopaper)……………………….. 68
Table 17: Properties of flexible electronics cellulose nanofiber films………………………………………….. 72
Table 18: Companies developing nanocellulose for applications in printable, flexible and stretchable electronics…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 74
Table 19: Companies developing quantum dots for applications in printable, flexible and stretchable electronics…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 79
Table 20: Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4……………………. 80
Table 21: Properties of graphene quantum dots…………………………………………………………………………. 81
Table 22: Electronic and mechanical properties of monolayer phosphorene, graphene and MoS₂. 84
Table 23: Market drivers for printable, flexible and stretchable conductive inks……………………….. 103
Table 24: Printable electronics products…………………………………………………………………………………… 105
Table 25: Comparative properties of conductive inks……………………………………………………………….. 105
Table 26: Applications in conductive inks by type and benefits thereof…………………………………….. 106
Table 27: Opportunities for advanced materials in printed electronics……………………………………… 112
Table 28: Applications in flexible and stretchable batteries, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 115
Table 29: Price comparison of thin-film transistor (TFT) electronics technology……………………….. 119
Table 30: Main markets for conductive inks, applications and revenues………………………………….. 120
Table 31: Conductive inks in the flexible and stretchable electronics market 2017-2027 revenue forecast (million $), by ink types………………………………………………………………………………………….. 122
Table 32: Market drivers for printable, flexible and stretchable sensors for wearables and IoT… 159
Table 33: Wearable electronics devices and stage of development…………………………………………. 164
Table 34: Comparison of ITO replacements……………………………………………………………………………… 168
Table 35: Applications in printable, flexible and stretchable sensors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 169
Table 36: Graphene properties relevant to application in sensors……………………………………………. 187
Table 37: Global market for wearable electronics, 2015-2027, by application, billions $………….. 194
Table 38: Market drivers for printable, flexible and stretchable medical healthcare sensors and wearables…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 223
Table 39: Wearable medical device products and stage of development…………………………………. 227
Table 40: Applications in flexible and stretchable health monitors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 233
Table 41: Applications in patch-type skin sensors, by materials type and benefits thereof………. 238
Table 42: Market drivers for printable, flexible and stretchable electronic clothing and apparel.. 262
Table 43: Types of smart textiles………………………………………………………………………………………………. 264
Table 44: Examples of smart textile products…………………………………………………………………………… 265
Table 45: Currently available technologies for smart textiles……………………………………………………. 265
Table 46: Smart clothing and apparel and stage of development…………………………………………….. 266
Table 47: Applications in textiles, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof…………………. 268
Table 48: Nanocoatings applied in the textiles industry-type of coating, nanomaterials utilized, benefits and applications…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 271
Table 49: Applications and benefits of graphene in textiles and apparel………………………………….. 277
Table 50: Global smart clothing, interactive fabrics and apparel market…………………………………… 280
Table 51: Market drivers for printable, flexible and stretchable electronic energy storage and converison………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 297
Table 52: Wearable energy and energy harvesting devices and stage of development…………… 301
Table 53: Applications in flexible and stretchable batteries, by materials type and benefits thereof…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 303
Table 54: Applications in flexible and stretchable supercapacitors, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 306
Table 55: Applications in energy harvesting textiles, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof. 311
Table 56: Potential addressable market for thin film, flexible and printed batteries…………………… 314
Table 57: Market drivers for printable, flexible and stretchable displays and electronic components…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 324
Table 58: Applications in flexible and stretchable circuit boards, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 326
Table 59: Price comparison of thin-film transistor (TFT) electronics technology……………………….. 327

FIGURES

Figure 1: Evolution of electronics………………………………………………………………………………………………… 29
Figure 2: Wove Band………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 32
Figure 3: Wearable graphene medical sensor……………………………………………………………………………. 34
Figure 4: Applications timeline for organic and printed electronics……………………………………………… 35
Figure 5: Mimo Baby Monitor……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 42
Figure 6: Wearable health monitor incorporating graphene photodetectors……………………………….. 43
Figure 7: Schematic of single-walled carbon nanotube………………………………………………………………. 48
Figure 8: Stretchable SWNT memory and logic devices for wearable electronics………………………. 48
Figure 9: Graphene layer structure schematic……………………………………………………………………………. 56
Figure 10: Flexible graphene touch screen…………………………………………………………………………………. 57
Figure 11: Foldable graphene E-paper……………………………………………………………………………………….. 57
Figure 12: Large-area metal mesh touch panel………………………………………………………………………….. 60
Figure 13: Flexible silver nanowire wearable mesh…………………………………………………………………….. 65
Figure 14: Cellulose nanofiber films…………………………………………………………………………………………… 69
Figure 15: Nanocellulose photoluminescent paper…………………………………………………………………….. 70
Figure 16: LEDs shining on circuitry imprinted on a 5x5cm sheet of CNF………………………………….. 71
Figure 17: Foldable nanopaper…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 72
Figure 18: Foldable nanopaper antenna…………………………………………………………………………………….. 73
Figure 19: Paper memory (ReRAM)……………………………………………………………………………………………. 74
Figure 20: Quantum dot……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 77
Figure 21: The light-blue curve represents a typical spectrum from a conventional white-LED LCD TV. With quantum dots, the spectrum is tunable to any colours of red, green, and blue, and each Color is limited to a narrow band………………………………………………………………………………….. 77
Figure 22: Black phosphorus structure……………………………………………………………………………………….. 83
Figure 23: Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 86
Figure 24: Schematic of germanene…………………………………………………………………………………………… 87
Figure 25: Graphdiyne structure…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 89
Figure 26: Schematic of Graphane crystal………………………………………………………………………………….. 90
Figure 27: Structure of hexagonal boron nitride………………………………………………………………………….. 91
Figure 28: Structure of 2D molybdenum disulfide……………………………………………………………………….. 93
Figure 29: Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor…………… 94
Figure 30: Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge……………………………………………………………………………….. 95
Figure 31: Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulphide………………………………………………………. 96
Figure 32: Silicene structure……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 97
Figure 33: Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate…………………………………………………………… 98
Figure 34: Silicene transistor………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 99
Figure 35: Crystal structure for stanene……………………………………………………………………………………. 100
Figure 36: Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111)……………………………………. 100
Figure 37: Schematic of tungsten diselenide……………………………………………………………………………. 101
Figure 38: BGT Materials graphene ink product……………………………………………………………………….. 111
Figure 39: Flexible RFID tag…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 112
Figure 40: Enfucell Printed Battery…………………………………………………………………………………………… 116
Figure 41: Graphene printed antenna………………………………………………………………………………………. 117
Figure 42: Printed antennas for aircraft…………………………………………………………………………………….. 117
Figure 43: Stretchable material for formed an in-molded electronics………………………………………… 118
Figure 44: Wearable patch with a skin-compatible, pressure-sensitive adhesive……………………… 118
Figure 45: Thin film transistor incorporating CNTs……………………………………………………………………. 119
Figure 46: Conductive inks in the flexible and stretchable electronics market 2017-2027 revenue forecast (million $), by ink types………………………………………………………………………………………….. 121
Figure 47: Covestro wearables…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 166
Figure 48: Royole flexible display……………………………………………………………………………………………… 167
Figure 49: Panasonic CNT stretchable Resin Film……………………………………………………………………. 169
Figure 50: Bending durability of Ag nanowires………………………………………………………………………….. 177
Figure 51: NFC computer chip………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 179
Figure 52: NFC translucent diffuser schematic…………………………………………………………………………. 179
Figure 53: Softceptor sensor…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 182
Figure 54: BeBop Media Arm Controller…………………………………………………………………………………… 183
Figure 55: LG Innotek flexible textile pressure sensor………………………………………………………………. 183
Figure 56: C2Sense flexible sensor………………………………………………………………………………………….. 184
Figure 57: <hitoe> nanofiber conductive shirt original design(top) and current design (bottom).. 185
Figure 58: Garment-based printable electrodes……………………………………………………………………….. 186
Figure 59: Wearable gas sensor………………………………………………………………………………………………. 190
Figure 60: BeBop Sensors Marcel Modular Data Gloves………………………………………………………….. 191
Figure 61: BeBop Sensors Smart Helmet Sensor System………………………………………………………… 192
Figure 62: Torso and Extremities Protection (TEP) system………………………………………………………. 193
Figure 63: Global market for wearable electronics, 2015-2027, by application, billions $…………. 194
Figure 64: Global transparent conductive electrodes market forecast by materials type, 2012-2027, millions $…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 196
Figure 65: BITalino systems……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 204
Figure 66: Connected human body…………………………………………………………………………………………… 226
Figure 67: Flexible, lightweight temperature sensor…………………………………………………………………. 227
Figure 68: Prototype ECG sensor patch…………………………………………………………………………………… 231
Figure 69: Graphene-based E-skin patch…………………………………………………………………………………. 232
Figure 70: Wearable bio-fluid monitoring system for monitoring of hydration……………………………. 235
Figure 71: Smart mouth guard………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 235
Figure 72: Smart e-skin system comprising health-monitoring sensors, displays, and ultra flexible PLEDs………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 237
Figure 73: Graphene medical patch………………………………………………………………………………………….. 238
Figure 74: TempTraQ wearable wireless thermometer…………………………………………………………….. 240
Figure 75: Mimo baby monitor………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 240
Figure 76: Nanowire skin hydration patch…………………………………………………………………………………. 241
Figure 77: Wearable sweat sensor…………………………………………………………………………………………… 242
Figure 78: GraphWear wearable sweat sensor………………………………………………………………………… 243
Figure 79: My UV Patch……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 244
Figure 80: Overview layers of L’Oreal skin patch……………………………………………………………………… 245
Figure 81: Global medical and healthcare smart textiles and wearables market, 2015-2027, billions $………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 246
Figure 82: Global medical and healthcare smart textiles and wearables market, 2015-2027, billions $………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 247
Figure 83: Omniphobic-coated fabric………………………………………………………………………………………… 268
Figure 84: Conductive yarns…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 276
Figure 85: Work out shirt incorporating ECG sensors, flexible lights and heating elements……… 278
Figure 87: Global smart clothing, interactive fabrics and apparel market 2013-2027 revenue forecast (million $)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 280
Figure 88 Global smart clothing, interactive fabrics and apparel sales by market segment, 2016. 281
Figure 89: Energy harvesting textile…………………………………………………………………………………………. 299
Figure 90: StretchSense Energy Harvesting Kit……………………………………………………………………….. 300
Figure 91: LG Chem Heaxagonal battery…………………………………………………………………………………. 300
Figure 92: Printed 1.5V battery…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 303
Figure 93: Energy densities and specific energy of rechargeable batteries………………………………. 305
Figure 94: Stretchable graphene supercapacitor………………………………………………………………………. 306
Figure 95: LG OLED flexible lighting panel……………………………………………………………………………….. 308
Figure 96: Flexible OLED incorporated into automotive headlight……………………………………………. 308
Figure 97: Flexible & stretchable LEDs based on quantum dots………………………………………………. 309
Figure 98: Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper………………………………… 310
Figure 99: Demand for thin film, flexible and printed batteries 2015, by market……………………….. 316
Figure 100: Demand for thin film, flexible and printed batteries 2027, by market……………………… 316
Figure 101: LG Display LG Display 77-inch flexible transparent OLED display………………………… 325
Figure 102: Thin film transistor incorporating CNTs………………………………………………………………….. 327
Figure 103: Flexible LCD………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 328
Figure 104: “Full ActiveTM Flex”………………………………………………………………………………………………. 329
Figure 105: FOLED schematic………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 331
Figure 106: Foldable display…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 331
Figure 107: Stretchable AMOLED…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 332
Figure 108: LGD 12.3” FHD Automotive OLED………………………………………………………………………… 333
Figure 109: LECTUM® display…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 333
Figure 110: Global market for flexible OLED displays, 2015-2027 (billion $)……………………………. 334

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