Publication date: January 2016 | 534 Pages | Price: £1000
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The carbon nanotubes market
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been attracted huge attention over the past two decades, based on their extraordinary physical and chemical properties that are a result of their intrinsic nano-sized one-dimensional nature. Once the most promising of all nanomaterials, CNTs face stiff competition in conductive applications from graphene and other 2D materials and in mechanically enhanced composites from nanocellulose. However, after considerable research efforts, numerous multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs)-enhanced products are commercially available. Super-aligned CNT arrays, films and yarns have found applications in consumer electronics, batteries, polymer composites, aerospace, sensors, heaters, filters and biomedicine. Large-scale industrial production of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) has been initiated, promising new market opportunities in transparent conductive films, transistors, sensors and memory devices. SWNTs are regarded as one of the most promising candidates to utilized as building blocks in next generation electronics.
WHAT DOES THE REPORT INCLUDE?
- Comprehensive quantitative data and forecasts for the global carbon nanotubes market to 2025
- Qualitative insight and perspective on the current market and future trends in end user markets
- End user market analysis and technology timelines
- Financial estimates for the markets carbon nanotubes will impact
- Tables and figures illustrating carbon nanotubes market size
- Full company profiles of carbon nanotubes producers and application developers including technology descriptions and end user markets targeted
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………….. 34
2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………….. 36
2.1 Exceptional properties………………………………………………………………. 37
2.2 Products and applications………………………………………………………… 39
2.3 Threat from the graphene market………………………………………………. 41
2.4 Production………………………………………………………………………………… 42
1.1.1 Multi-walled nanotube (MWNT) production……………………………. 42
1.1.2 Single-walled nanotube (SWNT) production……………………………. 44
2.5 Global demand for carbon nanotubes……………………………………… 47
2.5.1 Current products……………………………………………………………………. 49
1.1.3 Future products……………………………………………………………………… 50
2.6 Market drivers and trends………………………………………………………….. 51
1.1.4 Electronics……………………………………………………………………………… 51
1.1.4.1 EMI/RFI shielding………………………………………………………………. 51
1.1.4.2 Transparent conductive film…………………………………………….. 51
1.1.4.3 Silicon replacement…………………………………………………………. 52
1.1.5 Electric vehicles and lithium-ion batteries……………………………….. 52
2.7 Market and production challenges……………………………………………. 53
1.1.6 Safety issues……………………………………………………………………………. 53
1.1.7 Dispersion……………………………………………………………………………….. 55
1.1.8 Synthesis and supply quality…………………………………………………… 55
1.1.9 Cost……………………………………………………………………………………….. 56
1.1.10 Competition from other materials………………………………………… 57
2.8 Competitive analysis of carbon nanotubes and graphene………… 57
3 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………… 59
3.1 Properties of nanomaterials……………………………………………………….. 60
3.2 Categorization………………………………………………………………………….. 61
3.3 CARBON NANOTUBES…………………………………………………………………. 63
1.1.11 Multi-walled nanotubes (MWNT)………………………………………….. 64
1.1.12 Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT)………………………………….. 65
1.1.12.1 Single-chirality………………………………………………………………. 68
1.1.13 Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs)…………………………. 69
1.1.14 Few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWNTs)……………………………….. 70
1.1.15 Carbon Nanohorns (CNHs)…………………………………………………… 71
1.1.16 Carbon ONIONS………………………………………………………………….. 72
1.1.17 Fullerenes……………………………………………………………………………. 73
1.1.18 Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs)………………………………………….. 74
3.4 Properties………………………………………………………………………………….. 76
3.5 Applications of carbon nanotubes…………………………………………….. 77
1.1.19 High volume applications……………………………………………………. 77
1.1.20 Low volume applications…………………………………………………….. 78
1.1.21 Novel applications………………………………………………………………. 78
4 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WITH GRAPHENE…………………………………………. 79
4.1 Comparative properties…………………………………………………………….. 80
4.2 Cost and production…………………………………………………………………. 82
4.3 Carbon nanotube-graphene hybrids………………………………………… 84
4.4 Competitive market analysis of carbon nanotubes and graphene 85
5 OTHER 2D MATERIALS………………………………………………………………………… 87
5.1 Phosphorene…………………………………………………………………………….. 89
5.1.1 Properties……………………………………………………………………………….. 90
5.1.2 Applications…………………………………………………………………………… 92
5.1.2.1 Electronics……………………………………………………………………….. 92
5.1.2.2 Thermoelectrics………………………………………………………………… 92
5.1.2.3 Batteries…………………………………………………………………………… 92
5.1.2.4 Photodetectors………………………………………………………………… 93
5.1.3 Recent research news…………………………………………………………….. 93
5.2 Silicene……………………………………………………………………………………… 95
5.2.1 Properties……………………………………………………………………………….. 96
5.2.2 Applications…………………………………………………………………………… 97
5.2.2.1 Electronics……………………………………………………………………….. 97
5.2.2.2 Photovoltaics…………………………………………………………………… 99
5.2.2.3 Thermoelectrics………………………………………………………………… 99
5.2.2.4 Batteries…………………………………………………………………………… 99
5.2.2.5 Sensors…………………………………………………………………………… 100
5.2.3 Recent research news…………………………………………………………… 100
5.3 Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)…………………………………………………… 101
5.3.1 Properties……………………………………………………………………………… 101
5.3.2 Applications…………………………………………………………………………. 102
5.3.2.1 Electronics……………………………………………………………………… 102
5.3.2.2 Photovoltaics…………………………………………………………………. 104
5.3.2.3 Piezoelectrics………………………………………………………………….. 104
5.3.2.4 Sensors…………………………………………………………………………… 104
5.3.2.5 Filtration…………………………………………………………………………. 105
5.3.3 Recent research news…………………………………………………………… 106
5.4 Hexagonal boron nitride………………………………………………………….. 108
5.4.1.1 Properties……………………………………………………………………….. 109
5.4.2 Applications…………………………………………………………………………. 109
5.4.2.1 Electronics……………………………………………………………………… 109
5.4.2.2 Capacitors and fuel cells………………………………………………… 110
5.4.3 Recent research news…………………………………………………………… 110
5.5 Germanene…………………………………………………………………………….. 111
5.5.1 Properties……………………………………………………………………………… 112
5.5.2 Applications…………………………………………………………………………. 113
5.5.2.1 Electronics……………………………………………………………………… 113
5.5.3 Recent research news…………………………………………………………… 114
5.6 Graphdiyne…………………………………………………………………………….. 114
5.6.1 Properties……………………………………………………………………………… 115
5.6.2 Applications…………………………………………………………………………. 116
5.6.2.1 Batteries…………………………………………………………………………. 116
5.6.2.2 Separation membranes………………………………………………….. 116
5.6.2.3 Photocatalysts……………………………………………………………….. 117
5.6.2.4 Electronics……………………………………………………………………… 117
5.6.2.5 Photovoltaics…………………………………………………………………. 117
5.7 Graphane……………………………………………………………………………….. 117
5.7.1 Properties……………………………………………………………………………… 118
5.7.2 Applications…………………………………………………………………………. 118
5.7.2.1 Electronics……………………………………………………………………… 119
5.7.2.2 Hydrogen storage…………………………………………………………… 119
5.8 Stanene/tinene……………………………………………………………………….. 120
5.8.1 Properties……………………………………………………………………………… 120
5.8.2 Applications…………………………………………………………………………. 121
5.8.2.1 Electronics……………………………………………………………………… 121
5.8.3 Recent research news…………………………………………………………… 121
5.9 Tungsten diselenide…………………………………………………………………. 122
5.9.1 Properties……………………………………………………………………………… 123
5.9.2 Applications…………………………………………………………………………. 124
5.9.2.1 Electronics……………………………………………………………………… 124
5.9.3 Recent research news…………………………………………………………… 124
5.10 Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2……………………….. 125
5.10.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………….. 126
5.10.2 Applications……………………………………………………………………… 127
5.10.2.1 Electronics…………………………………………………………………… 127
5.11 C2N………………………………………………………………………………………….. 127
5.11.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………….. 128
5.11.2 Applications……………………………………………………………………… 129
5.11.2.1 Electronics…………………………………………………………………… 129
5.11.2.2 Filtration……………………………………………………………………… 130
5.11.2.3 Photocatalysts…………………………………………………………….. 130
6 CARBON NANOTUBE SYNTHESIS……………………………………………………….. 131
6.1 Arc discharge synthesis…………………………………………………………….. 133
6.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)…………………………………………… 135
6.3 Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD)…………… 136
6.4 High-pressure carbon monoxide synthesis…………………………………. 137
6.4.1 High Pressure CO (HiPco)………………………………………………………. 137
6.4.2 CoMoCAT…………………………………………………………………………….. 138
6.5 Flame synthesis………………………………………………………………………… 139
6.6 Laser ablation synthesis……………………………………………………………. 140
6.7 Silane solution method…………………………………………………………….. 141
7 CARBON NANOTUBES MARKET STRUCTURE………………………………………… 142
8 REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS……………………………………………………….. 145
8.1 Standards……………………………………………………………………………….. 145
8.2 Environmental, health and safety regulation……………………………. 145
8.2.1 Europe…………………………………………………………………………………. 145
8.2.2 United States………………………………………………………………………… 146
8.2.3 Asia……………………………………………………………………………………… 147
8.3 Workplace exposure………………………………………………………………… 148
9 CARBON NANOTUBES PATENTS…………………………………………………………. 149
10 CARBON NANOTUBES TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL………………………. 151
11 CARBON NANOTUBES END USER MARKET SEGMENT ANALYSIS…………….. 153
11.1 Production volumes 2010-2025…………………………………………………. 153
11.2 CARBON NANOTUBES PRODUCERS AND…………………………………….. 155
11.3 Regional demand for carbon nanotubes…………………………………. 156
11.3.1 Japan………………………………………………………………………………. 159
11.3.2 China……………………………………………………………………………….. 160
11.4 Main carbon nanotubes producers…………………………………………. 162
11.4.1 SWNT production……………………………………………………………….. 163
11.4.1.1 OCSiAl………………………………………………………………………… 163
11.4.1.2 FGV Cambridge Nanosystems……………………………………… 163
11.4.1.3 Zeon Corporation………………………………………………………… 164
11.5 Price of carbon nanotubes-MWNTs, SWNTs and FWNTs………………. 164
11.5.1 MWNTs………………………………………………………………………………… 165
11.5.2 SWNTs………………………………………………………………………………… 165
11.6 Market penetration opportunity in key applications…………………. 166
12 CARBON NANOTUBES INDUSTRY NEWS 2013-2016……………………………… 168
12.19 AUGUST 2015-JANUARY ……………………………………………………………………………… 181
13 CARBON NANOTUBES IN THE ELECTRONICS MARKET…………………………… 182
13.1 MAIN APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………. 183
13.1.1 TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE FILMS AND DISPLAYS…………………. 184
13.1.1.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS………………………………………. 184
13.2 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY………………………………………………… 190
13.3 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………. 191
13.3.1 Single-wall carbon nanotubes…………………………………………… 192
13.4 CHALLENGES……………………………………………………………………………. 193
13.4.1 Fabricating SWNT devices………………………………………………….. 193
13.4.2 Competing materials…………………………………………………………. 194
13.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………… 195
13.6 CONDUCTIVE INKS……………………………………………………………………. 198
13.6.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………….. 198
13.6.1.1 Increased demand for printed electronics…………………… 198
13.6.1.2 Limitations of existing conductive inks………………………….. 199
13.7 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY………………………………………………… 200
13.8 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………. 201
13.9 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………… 203
13.10 TRANSISTORS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS…………………………………. 205
13.10.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………….. 205
13.10.1.1 Scaling……………………………………………………………………….. 205
13.10.2 Limitations of current materials…………………………………………… 206
13.11 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………… 207
13.11.1 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS…………………………………………… 207
13.11.1.1 Thin film transistors (TFT)………………………………………………… 208
13.11.1.2 CMOS transistors………………………………………………………….. 208
13.12 CHALLENGES………………………………………………………………………… 209
13.13 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS………………………………………………………….. 211
13.14 MEMORY DEVICES…………………………………………………………………. 212
13.14.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………….. 212
13.14.1.1 Density and voltage scaling………………………………………… 212
13.14.1.2 Growth in the smartphone and tablet markets…………….. 213
13.14.1.3 Growth in the flexible electronics market……………………… 213
13.15 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………… 214
13.15.1 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS…………………………………………… 214
13.16 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS………………………………………………………….. 215
14 CARBON NANOTUBES IN THE POLYMER COMPOSITES MARKET…………… 221
14.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………………… 222
14.1.1 Improved performance……………………………………………………… 222
14.1.2 Multi-functionality……………………………………………………………… 223
14.1.3 Growth in wind energy market…………………………………………… 223
14.2 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY………………………………………………… 224
14.3 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………. 225
14.3.1 Electrostatic discharge (ESD) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding 226
14.3.2 Wind turbines…………………………………………………………………….. 226
14.3.3 Construction……………………………………………………………………… 227
14.3.4 Sporting goods………………………………………………………………….. 228
14.3.5 Ballistic protection……………………………………………………………… 229
14.3.6 Wire and cable…………………………………………………………………. 229
14.3.7 Heat management…………………………………………………………… 230
14.3.8 Elastomers and rubber………………………………………………………. 230
14.4 CHALLENGES……………………………………………………………………………. 230
14.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………… 231
15 CARBON NANOTUBES IN THE AEROSPACE MARKET…………………………….. 237
15.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………………… 237
15.1.1 Safety……………………………………………………………………………….. 237
15.1.2 Reduced fuel consumption and costs………………………………… 237
15.1.3 Increased durability…………………………………………………………… 238
15.1.4 Multi-functionality……………………………………………………………… 238
15.1.5 Need for new de-icing solutions…………………………………………. 239
15.1.6 Weight reduction………………………………………………………………. 239
15.1.7 Need for improved lightning protection materials………………. 240
15.2 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY………………………………………………… 240
15.3 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………. 242
15.3.1 Composites……………………………………………………………………….. 243
15.3.1.1 ESD protection…………………………………………………………….. 243
15.3.1.2 Conductive cables……………………………………………………… 243
15.3.1.3 Anti-friction braking systems…………………………………………. 243
15.3.2 Coatings……………………………………………………………………………. 244
15.3.2.1 Anti-icing…………………………………………………………………….. 245
15.3.3 Sensors………………………………………………………………………………. 246
15.4 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………… 246
16 CARBON NANOTUBES IN THE AUTOMOTIVE MARKET…………………………… 250
16.1 MARKET DRIVER AND TRENDS…………………………………………………….. 250
16.1.1 Environmental…………………………………………………………………… 250
16.1.2 Safety……………………………………………………………………………….. 251
16.1.3 Lightweighting…………………………………………………………………… 251
16.1.4 Cost………………………………………………………………………………….. 252
16.2 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY………………………………………………… 252
16.3 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………. 253
16.3.1 Composites……………………………………………………………………….. 254
16.3.2 Vehicle mass reduction……………………………………………………… 255
16.3.3 Lithium-ion batteries in electric and hybrid vehicles……………. 255
16.3.4 Coatings……………………………………………………………………………. 256
16.3.4.1 Thermally conductive………………………………………………….. 257
16.3.4.2 Flame retardant………………………………………………………….. 257
16.4 CHALLENGES……………………………………………………………………………. 257
16.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………… 258
17 CARBON NANOTUBESIN THE BIOMEDICAL & HEALTHCARE MARKETS……. 260
17.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………………… 261
17.1.1 Improved drug delivery for cancer therapy……………………….. 261
17.1.2 Shortcomings of chemotherapies……………………………………….. 262
17.1.3 Biocompatibility of medical implants…………………………………. 262
17.2 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY………………………………………………… 263
17.3 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………. 264
17.3.1 Cancer therapy………………………………………………………………… 266
17.3.1.1 Drug delivery………………………………………………………………. 266
17.3.1.2 Immunotherapy………………………………………………………….. 270
17.3.1.3 Thermal ablation…………………………………………………………. 270
17.3.1.4 Stem cell therapy………………………………………………………… 271
17.3.2 Medical implants………………………………………………………………. 272
17.3.3 Biosensors………………………………………………………………………….. 272
17.3.4 Medical imaging……………………………………………………………….. 273
17.3.5 Tissue engineering……………………………………………………………… 274
17.4 CHALLENGES……………………………………………………………………………. 275
17.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………… 276
18 CARBON NANOTUBES IN THE COATINGS MARKET………………………………. 279
18.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………………… 279
18.1.1 Sustainability and regulation……………………………………………… 279
18.1.2 Cost of corrosion………………………………………………………………… 280
18.1.3 Improved hygiene…………………………………………………………….. 281
18.1.4 Cost of weather-related damage………………………………………. 282
18.2 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY………………………………………………… 284
18.3 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………. 286
18.3.1 Anti-static coatings……………………………………………………………. 287
18.3.2 Anti-corrosion coatings………………………………………………………. 288
18.3.2.1 Oil and gas…………………………………………………………………. 289
18.3.2.2 Marine………………………………………………………………………… 289
18.3.3 Anti-microbial……………………………………………………………………. 290
18.3.4 Anti-icing…………………………………………………………………………… 291
18.3.5 Heat protection………………………………………………………………… 293
18.3.6 Anti-fouling……………………………………………………………………….. 295
18.3.7 Wearand abrasion resistance…………………………………………….. 297
18.4 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………… 298
19 CARBON NANOTUBES IN THE FILTRATION AND SEPARATION MARKET……. 300
19.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………………… 300
19.1.1 Need for improved membrane technology………………………… 300
19.1.2 Water shortage and population growth…………………………….. 300
19.1.3 Contamination………………………………………………………………….. 301
19.1.4 Cost………………………………………………………………………………….. 301
19.2 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY………………………………………………… 302
19.3 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………. 303
19.4 CHALLENGES……………………………………………………………………………. 306
19.4.1 Uniform pore size and distribution………………………………………. 307
19.4.2 Reducing pore size for improved desalination…………………….. 307
19.4.3 Difficulties of CNT growth……………………………………………………. 308
19.4.4 Cost………………………………………………………………………………….. 308
19.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………… 309
20 CARBON NANOTUBES IN THE ENERGY STORAGE, CONVERSION AND EXPLORATION MARKETS 311
20.1 BATTERIES…………………………………………………………………………………. 312
20.1.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………….. 312
20.1.2 Growth in electric vehicles market……………………………………… 312
20.1.3 Continued growth in cellular phones market……………………… 313
20.1.4 Reduce dependence on lithium……………………………………….. 313
20.1.5 Shortcomings of existing battery and supercapacitor technology 313
20.1.6 Reduced costs for widespread application………………………… 314
20.1.7 Power sources for flexible electronics………………………………….. 315
20.2 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY………………………………………………… 315
20.3 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………. 316
20.3.1 CNT Anodes………………………………………………………………………. 317
20.3.2 CNT Cathodes…………………………………………………………………… 318
20.4 CHALLENGES……………………………………………………………………………. 319
20.5 SUPERCAPACITORS…………………………………………………………………… 320
20.5.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………….. 320
20.5.1.1 Reducing costs……………………………………………………………. 320
20.5.1.2 Demand from portable electronics………………………………. 320
20.5.1.3 Inefficiencies of standard battery technology……………… 321
20.5.1.4 Problems with activated carbon…………………………………. 321
20.6 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY………………………………………………… 321
20.7 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………. 322
20.7.1 Graphene/CNT hybrids……………………………………………………… 323
20.8 PHOTOVOLTAICS………………………………………………………………………. 324
20.8.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………….. 324
20.8.1.1 Need to improve solar cell efficiency…………………………… 324
20.8.1.2 Reduce costs………………………………………………………………. 324
20.8.1.3 Varying environmental conditions……………………………….. 325
20.9 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY………………………………………………… 325
20.10 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS……………………………………………… 325
20.10.1 Organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells……………………………… 327
20.11 FUEL CELLS……………………………………………………………………………. 328
20.11.1 MARKET DRIVERS………………………………………………………………… 329
20.11.1.1 Limitations of platinum………………………………………………… 329
20.11.1.2 Cost……………………………………………………………………………. 329
20.12 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………… 329
20.13 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS……………………………………………… 330
20.13.1 Electrocatalyst supports…………………………………………………….. 331
20.14 OIL AND GAS………………………………………………………………………… 331
20.14.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………….. 331
20.14.1.1 Cost……………………………………………………………………………. 332
20.14.1.2 Increased demands of drilling environments………………… 332
20.14.1.3 Environmental and regulatory…………………………………….. 332
20.15 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………… 333
20.16 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS……………………………………………… 333
20.17 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS………………………………………………………….. 334
21 CARBON NANOTUBES IN THE SENSORS MARKET…………………………………. 339
21.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………………… 339
21.1.1 Increased power and performance with reduced cost………. 339
21.1.2 Enhanced sensitivity………………………………………………………….. 340
21.1.3 Replacing silver electrodes………………………………………………… 340
21.1.4 Growth in the home diagnostics and point of care market…. 341
21.1.5 Improved thermal stability…………………………………………………. 341
21.1.6 Environmental conditions………………………………………………….. 341
21.2 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY………………………………………………… 341
21.3 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………. 342
21.3.1 Electrochemical and gas sensors……………………………………….. 343
21.3.2 Pressure sensors………………………………………………………………….. 344
21.3.3 Biosensors………………………………………………………………………….. 344
21.4 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………… 346
22 CARBON NANOTUBES IN THE 3D PRINTING MARKET……………………………. 349
22.1.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………….. 349
22.1.1.1 Improved materials at lower cost…………………………………. 349
22.2 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY………………………………………………… 350
22.3 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………. 350
22.4 CHALLENGES……………………………………………………………………………. 351
22.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………… 352
23 CARBON NANOTUBES IN THE ADHESIVES MARKET………………………………. 353
23.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………………… 353
23.1.1 Thermal management in electronics………………………………….. 353
23.1.2 Environmental sustainability………………………………………………. 353
23.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………. 353
23.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY………………………………………………… 354
23.4 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………… 354
24 CARBON NANOTUBES IN THE LUBRICANTS MARKET…………………………….. 355
24.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………………… 355
24.1.1 Cost effective alternatives…………………………………………………. 355
24.1.2 Need for higher-performing lubricants for fuel efficiency……… 356
24.1.3 Environmental concerns……………………………………………………. 356
24.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………. 356
24.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY………………………………………………… 358
24.4 CHALLENGES……………………………………………………………………………. 358
24.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………… 359
25 CARBON NANOTUBES IN THE TEXTILES MARKET…………………………………… 360
25.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………………… 360
25.1.1 Growth in the wearable electronics market……………………….. 360
25.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATONS………………………………………………….. 360
25.2.1 Wearable electronics………………………………………………………… 363
25.2.2 Superhydrophobic coatings………………………………………………. 363
25.2.3 Conductive coatings…………………………………………………………. 364
25.2.4 Flame retardant textiles…………………………………………………….. 365
25.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY………………………………………………… 365
25.4 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………… 366-533 (180 company profiles)
26 CARBON NANOTUBES PRODUCERS AND PRODUCT DEVELOPERS…………. 367
TABLES
Table 1: Properties of CNTs and comparable materials……………………………. 35
Table 2: Carbon nanotubes target markets-Applications, stage of commercialization and potential addressable market size…………………………………………………………………….. 37
Table 3: Annual production capacity of MWNT and SWNT producers……… 41
Table 4: SWNT producers production capacities 2014……………………………… 43
Table 5: Global production of carbon nanotubes, 2010-2025 in tons/year. Base year for projections is 2014………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 46
Table 6: Competitive analysis of Carbon nanotubes and graphene by application area and potential impact by 2025…………………………………………………………………………………. 56
Table 7: Categorization of nanomaterials……………………………………………….. 60
Table 8: Comparison between single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes………………………………………………………………………………………… 67
Table 9: Properties of carbon nanotubes………………………………………………… 74
Table 10: Comparative properties of carbon materials……………………………. 79
Table 11: Comparative properties of graphene with nanoclays and carbon nanotubes. 82
Table 12: Competitive analysis of Carbon nanotubes and graphene by application area and potential impact by 2025………………………………………………………………….. 84
Table 13: Electronic and mechanical properties of monolyaer phosphorene, graphene and MoS2. 89
Table 14: Recent phosphorene research news………………………………………… 91
Table 15: Recent silicene research news…………………………………………………. 98
Table 16: Recent Molybdenum disulfide research news………………………… 104
Table 17: Recent hexagonal boron nitride research news……………………… 108
Table 18: Recent germanane research news………………………………………… 112
Table 19: Recent stanene/tinene research news…………………………………… 120
Table 20: Recent tungsten diselenide research news…………………………….. 122
Table 21: SWNT synthesis methods…………………………………………………………. 130
Table 22: Carbon nanotubes market structure………………………………………. 140
Table 23: Global production of carbon nanotubes, 2010-2025 in tons/year. Base year for projections is 2014………………………………………………………………………………………………… 152
Table 24: Annual production capacity of main carbon nanotubes producers. 153
Table 25: Example carbon nanotubes prices………………………………………… 163
Table 26: Market penetration and volume estimates (tons) for carbon nanotubes in key applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 165
Table 27: Carbon nanotubes in the electronics and photonics market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size………………………………. 180
Table 28: Comparison of ITO replacements…………………………………………… 185
Table 29: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in transparent conductive films and displays…………………………………………………………………………………………… 193
Table 30: Comparative properties of conductive inks……………………………. 197
Table 31: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in conductive inks. 201
Table 32: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in integrated circuits. 209
Table 33: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in memory devices. 217
Table 34: Carbon nanotubes in the polymer composites market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size………………………………. 223
Table 35: Addressable market size for carbon nanotubes composites……. 223
Table 36: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the composites industry. 229
Table 37: Carbon nanotubes in the aerospace market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size…………………………………………………………………… 239
Table 38: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the aerospace industry. 244
Table 39: Carbon nanotubes in the automotive market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size…………………………………………………………………… 251
Table 40: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the automotive industry. 256
Table 41: Carbon nanotubes in the biomedical and healthcare markets-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size………………………………. 262
Table 42: CNTs in life sciences and biomedicine……………………………………. 263
Table 43: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the medical and healthcare industry……………………………………………………………………………………………. 274
Table 44: Carbon nanotubes in the coatings market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size…………………………………………………………………… 283
Table 45: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the coatings industry. 296
Table 46: Carbon nanotubes in the filtration market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size…………………………………………………………………… 300
Table 47: Comparison of CNT membranes with other membrane technologies 303
Table 48: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the filtration industry. 307
Table 49: Carbon nanotubes in the energy market-Applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size…………………………………………………………………… 309
Table 50: Properties of carbon materials in high-performance supercapacitors. 321
Table 51: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the energy industry. 332
Table 52: Carbon nanotubes in the sensors market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size…………………………………………………………………… 337
Table 53: First generation point of care diagnostics……………………………….. 344
Table 54: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the sensors industry. 344
Table 55: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the 3D printing industry. 350
Table 56: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the adhesives industry. 352
Table 57: Applications of carbon nanotubes in lubricants…………………….. 355
Table 58: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the lubricants industry. 357
Table 59: Desirable functional properties for the textiles industry afforded by the use of nanomaterials………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 359
Table 60: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the textiles industry. 364
FIGURES
Figure 1: Molecular structures of SWNT and MWNT…………………………………… 37
Figure 2: Production capacities for SWNTs in kilograms, 2005-2014……………. 47
Figure 3: Schematic of single-walled carbon nanotube………………………….. 67
Figure 4: Double-walled carbon nanotube bundle cross-section micrograph and model. 70
Figure 5: Schematic representation of carbon nanohorns……………………….. 72
Figure 6: Fullerene schematic…………………………………………………………………. 74
Figure 7: Schematic of Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs). Alternating B and N atoms are shown in blue and red…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 75
Figure 8: Graphene can be rolled up into a carbon nanotube, wrapped into a fullerene, and stacked into graphite……………………………………………………………………………………… 80
Figure 9: Phosphorene structure……………………………………………………………… 90
Figure 10: Silicene structure…………………………………………………………………….. 95
Figure 11: Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate…………………………… 97
Figure 12: Silicene transistor…………………………………………………………………….. 98
Figure 13: Structure of 2D molybdenum disulfide…………………………………… 101
Figure 14: Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor. 103
Figure 15: Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge…………………………………………………………. 105
Figure 16: Structure of hexagonal boron nitride…………………………………….. 109
Figure 17: Schematic of germanene……………………………………………………… 112
Figure 18: Graphdiyne structure……………………………………………………………. 115
Figure 19: Schematic of Graphane crystal…………………………………………….. 118
Figure 20: Crystal structure for stanene………………………………………………….. 120
Figure 21: Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111)……… 121
Figure 22: Schematic of tungsten diselenide…………………………………………. 123
Figure 23: Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulphide………………….. 126
Figure 24: Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal……………………………………………………………………………………………… 128
Figure 25: Schematic representation of methods used for carbon nanotube synthesis (a) Arc discharge (b) Chemical vapor deposition (c) Laser ablation (d) hydrocarbon flames. 132
Figure 26: Arc discharge process for CNTs………………………………………………. 134
Figure 27: Schematic of thermal-CVD method………………………………………. 136
Figure 28: Schematic of plasma-CVD method………………………………………. 137
Figure 29: CoMoCAT® process………………………………………………………………. 139
Figure 30: Schematic for flame synthesis of carbon nanotubes (a) premixed flame (b) counter-flow diffusion flame (c) co-flow diffusion flame (d) inverse diffusion flame…. 140
Figure 31: Schematic of laser ablation synthesis…………………………………….. 141
Figure 32: CNT patents filed 2000-2014………………………………………………….. 149
Figure 33: Patent distribution of CNT application areas to 2014……………… 150
Figure 34: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for Carbon Nanotubes……….. 151
Figure 35: Regional demand for CNTs utilized in batteries………………………. 158
Figure 36: Regional demand for CNTs utilized in Polymer reinforcement….. 159
Figure 37: Nanotube inks………………………………………………………………………. 203
Figure 38: Figure 38: Thin film transistor incorporating CNTs……………………… 209
Figure 39: Stretchable CNT memory and logic devices for wearable electronics. 213
Figure 40: Carbon nanotubes NRAM chip……………………………………………… 215
Figure 41: Schematic of NRAM cell………………………………………………………… 218
Figure 42: Global Paints and Coatings Market, share by end user market. 285
Figure 43: Nano Lithium X Battery………………………………………………………….. 319
Figure 44: Suntech/TCNT nanotube frame module………………………………… 327
Figure 45: 3D Printed tweezers incorporating Carbon Nanotube Filament. 351